专业英语-part-6.ppt

Part6OpticalComponents,WordsandExpressions,accumulate/kjumjlet/vi.累积；积聚vt.积攒accumulateexperience获取经验；积累经验accumulateerror累积误差同义短语：storeupactinic/ktnk/adj.光化学的，产生光化作用的actinicdamage光化损伤,WordsandExpressions,acid/sd/n.酸；迷幻药adj.酸的；讽刺的；刻薄的sulfuricacid硫酸alkali/lkla/n.碱；可溶性无机盐adj.碱性的alkalimetal碱金属alkaliresistance抗碱性,WordsandExpressions,adjacent/des()nt/adj.邻近的，毗连的adjacentangles邻角adjacentsea近海airgap/egp/n.空隙，空气隙airgapeffect气隙效应airgapdischarge气隙放电,WordsandExpressions,anode/nd/n.正极，阳极anodevoltage阳极电压anodeplate阳极板cathode/kd/n.负电极，阴极cathoderay阴极射线cathodeluminescence阴极发光,WordsandExpressions,apochromatization/a:pukrmtzen/n.复消色差，消多色差chromatic/krmtk/adj.彩色的；色品的；易染色的chromaticaberration色差；像差chromaticdispersion色散chromaticity/,krmtst/n.光色度，色品；染色性chromaticitydiagram色度图色品图,WordsandExpressions,birefringence/,barfrndns/n.光双折射linearbirefringence线性双折射同义短语：doublerefractionblazeddiffractiongrating闪耀衍射光栅blaze/blez/vt.在树皮上刻路标；公开宣布n.火焰，烈火；光辉；情感爆发vi.燃烧；照耀，发光；激发,WordsandExpressions,bombardment/bmbdm()nt/n.轰炸；炮击ionbombardment离子轰击bandgapn.能带隙directbandgap直接带隙opticalbandgap光学带隙,WordsandExpressions,carrierconcentration电子载流子浓度freecarrierconcentration自由载流子浓度carrierconcentrationdistribution载流子浓度分布compatible/kmptb()l/adj.兼容的；能共处的；可并立的compatiblewith与和谐相处的；与相配的compatibleblood适合血液,WordsandExpressions,conductionband导带valenceband价带dispense/dspens/vt.分配，分发；免除；执行vi.免除，豁免dispensewith无需；免除；省掉dispensewithavisa免办签证,WordsandExpressions,deposit/dpzt/n.存款；押金；订金；保证金；沉淀物vt.使沉积；存放vi.沉淀depositaccount存款帐户同词根：deposition沉积物dichroic/dakrk/adj.二色性的；两向色性的dichroicfilm选色度片分色膜,WordsandExpressions,discharge/dstd/vt.解雇；卸下；放出；免除；放电vi.排放；卸货；流出n.排放；卸货；解雇dischargestandard排放标准partialdischarge局部放电；部分放电dynode/dand/n.电子倍增电极；二次放射极dynodecurrent倍增极电流,WordsandExpressions,donor/dn/n.捐赠者；供者；赠送人；施主，授体adj.捐献的universaldonor万能输血者donorlevel施主能级acceptor/ksept/n.承兑人；接受者，受主；接收器acceptorimpurity受主杂质electronacceptor电子受体；电子接收体,WordsandExpressions,efficacy/efks/n.功效，效力loseefficacy失效treatmentefficacy疗效electrode/lektrd/n.电电极；电焊条negativeelectrode负极阴极bipolarelectrode双极性电极,WordsandExpressions,epitaxially/,eptksl/adv.外延地epitaxiallygrown外延生长的epitaxiallygrowingcrystals外延生长晶体epitaxial/,ptksil/adj.电子外延的epitaxy/eptks/n.电子外延；晶体取向附生，外延附生epitaxystructure外延结构molecularbeamepitaxy分子束外延（MBE）复数epitaxies,WordsandExpressions,etch/et/vt.蚀刻；鲜明地描述；铭记vi.蚀刻n.刻蚀；腐蚀剂etchback回蚀，深蚀刻feasible/fizb()l/adj.可行的；可能的；可实行的feasiblesolution可行解释；适宜解economicallyfeasible经济上可行的，经济上合算的,WordsandExpressions,intrinsic/ntrnsk/adj.本质的，固有的，本征的intrinsicdetector本征探测器intrinsicdefect内在缺陷，本征缺陷extrinsic/kstrnsk/adj.外在的；外来的；非固有的，非本征的extrinsicdetector非本征（激发的）探测器,WordsandExpressions,flexibility/,fleksblt/n.灵活性；弹性；适应性molecularflexibility分子柔性designflexibility设计灵活度grazing/grez/n.放牧；牧草v.擦过；抓伤（graze的现在分词）grazingincidence掠入射；切线入射；临界入射grazingland牧场；放牧地,WordsandExpressions,heterostructure/,hetrstrkt/n.电子异质结构singleheterostructure单异质结构heterostructuresemiconductor半导体异质结构homojunction/,humdkn/n.同类结；单质结homojunctionlaser同质结激光器homojunctionsolarcell同质结太阳电池,WordsandExpressions,homogeneous/,hm()dins/adj.均匀的，同质的；数齐次的；同类的homogeneousequation齐次方程homogeneousdistribution均匀分布反义词：inhomogeneousimplantation/,mplnten/n.移植；灌输；鼓吹；注入ionimplantation离子注入,WordsandExpressions,impurity/mpjrt/n.杂质；不纯；不洁impuritylevel杂质能级impurityelement杂质元素inaccordancewith与一致，依照同义短语：accordingtointurn轮流，依次同义短语：byturns,WordsandExpressions,conjunction/kndkn/n.结合；语连接词；同时发生inconjunctionwith连同，共同；与协力inconjunction互相协调同近义词：combinationincorporate/nkpret/vt.包含，吸收；体现；把合并vi.合并；混合adj.合并的；一体化的incorporatewith合并；混合incorporatein包含，并入，合并，加入,WordsandExpressions,organic/gnk/adj.有化有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的organicchemistry有机化学organicpolymer有机高分子，有机聚合物inorganic/ngnk/adj.无化无机的；无生物的inorganiccompound无机化合物inorganicsalt无机盐,WordsandExpressions,isotropy/astrpi/n.物各向同性；物无向性；矿业均质性uniformisotropy均匀各向同性同义词：homogeneousnessn.均质性anisotropy/,nastrp/n.物各向异性magneticanisotropy磁各向异性crystalanisotropy晶体各向异性,WordsandExpressions,isotropic/,as()trpk/adj.物数各向同性的；等方性的isotropicetching各向同性刻蚀anisotropic/,nas()trpk/adj.物各向异性的；物非均质的anisotropicmaterial各向异性材料,WordsandExpressions,lattice/lts/n.晶体晶格；格子；格架vt.使成格子状crystallattice晶格，晶体点阵latticemodel点阵模型；晶格模型luminance/lumn()ns/n.光电子亮度；光发光性；光明backgroundluminance背景亮度highluminance高亮度illuminancen.照度,WordsandExpressions,miniaturization/,mntrazen/n.小型化，微型化miniaturizationsensor小型化传感器instrumentsminiaturization仪器小型化monolithic/mnlk/adj.整体的；巨石的，庞大的；完全统一的n.单块集成电路，单片电路monolithicprocessor单片处理机monolithicfilter单片滤波器,WordsandExpressions,multiplier/mltpla/n.数乘数；电子倍增器；增加者；繁殖者electronmultiplier电子倍增管phototube/fttjub/n.电子光电管；光电器multiplierphototubes光电倍增管microwavephototube微波电管,WordsandExpressions,neutralization/,njutrlazen/n.化学中和；化学中和作用；中立状态neutralizationreaction中和反应neutralizationtest中和试验photoconductivedetector光电导探测器photoconductiveeffect光电导效应,WordsandExpressions,photovoltaic/,ftvltek/adj.电子光电伏特的，光电的photovoltaiceffect光生伏特效应photovoltaicdevices光伏器件polaroid/pol,rd/n.人造偏光板；光偏振片polaroidglasses偏光眼镜同义短语：polarizingfilm,WordsandExpressions,reversebias反向偏压synthesize/snsaz/vt.合成；综合vi.合成；综合synthesizetreatment综合治疗,WordsandExpressions,terminology/,tmnld/n.术语，术语学；用辞technicalterminology专门词汇scientificterminology科学术语tetrahedral/,tetrhidrl/adj.四面体的；有四面的tetrahedralsymmetry正四面体对称性,WordsandExpressions,transducer/trnzdjus/n.自传感器，电子变换器，电子换能器piezoelectrictransducer压电转换器，压电传感器activetransducer有源传感器waveguide/wevgad/n.电子波导opticalwaveguide光波导,6.1.1OpticalGlasses光学玻璃Glassisdefinedasaninorganicproductoffusioncooledtoarigidconditionwithoutcrystallizing.Itisobtainedfromameltthatiscooledinsuchawaythatthemolecularstructureisirregularoverlongranges,althoughitmaybequiteregularoveranumberofinteratomicspaces.玻璃定义为一种熔融冷却到没有结晶的刚性状态下的无机产物。它是从熔体中获得的，这种熔体的冷却方式使分子结构在很长一段距离内都是不规则的，尽管在许多原子之间空间排布上可能是相当规则的。,6.1OpticalMedia,6.1.2CrystallineOpticalMedia晶态光学介质Asopticalmedia,crystalsaremuchlesspopularthanglassesfortheobviousreasonthattheyarefarmoredifficulttomanufactureinlargesize.Theiruseisinvariablymotivatedbytheneedforcharacteristicsnotreadilyobtainableinglass.作为光学介质，晶体没有玻璃受欢迎，原因很明显，它们制造大尺寸的难度要大得多。他们的使用总是受到不容易在玻璃中获得的特性的需求的驱使。,6.1OpticalMedia,6.1.3OpticalPlastics光学塑料Asthemanufacturingtechnologyofplasticmaterialsadvancedsufficientlytopermitgoodstabilityandcastingprecision,thesematerialsbecameincreasinglysignificantaseconomicalopticalmedia.（随着）塑料材料的制造技术的发展，使其具有良好的稳定性和铸造精度，这些材料作为经济光学介质变得越来越重要。,6.1OpticalMedia,Spectralfiltersaredevicesusedtomodifythe(spectral)transmittanceofanopticalsystem.Theymaybemadeofahomogeneousmaterialwithappropriatespectralabsorptioncharacteristics,oruseotheropticalphenomenon,suchasmultiple-beaminterferenceoropticalanisotropy,toeffectthemodification.光学滤光片是用来修改光学系统（光谱）透光率的装置。它们可以是由具有适当光谱吸收特性的均匀材料制成，或利用其他光学现象，如多束干涉或光学各向异性，已达到修改的目的。,6.2SpectralFilters,6.2.1FilteringCharacteristics滤波特性Filterswhosespectralcharacteristicschangefromtransmittingtoreflectingatacertainwavelengtharecalleddichroic,thatis,theyareshort-passintransmittanceandlong-passinreflection,orviceversa.滤光片的光谱特性在一定波长上从透射到反射的转变称为二色性，也就是说，它们是在透光方面短通，在反射方面长通，反之亦然。,6.2SpectralFilters,6.2.1FilteringCharacteristics滤波特性Thecharacteristicsofband-passfiltersareoftendefinedintermsofthehalf-peaktransmittancepoints,thatis,thewavelengthvaluesatwhichthetransmittancehasdroppedtohalfitspeakvalue.带通滤光片的特征通常是用半峰透光率来定义的，也就是说，透光率下降到峰值的一半时对应的波长值。,6.2SpectralFilters,6.2.2AbsorptionFilters吸收滤光片Absorptionfiltersaremadebydissolvinginglassdyesormetalionsthatcauselighttobeabsorbedovercertainspectralregions.吸收滤光片是通过溶解在玻璃染料或金属离子中制作的，他们会使光线在某些光谱区域吸收。,6.2SpectralFilters,6.2.3Thin-FilmFilters薄膜滤光片ThepopularsimpleinterferencefilterisessentiallyaFabry-Perotetalon,wherethespacerisathinlayerofdielectricmaterialdepositedbyevaporationbetweentwolayersofpartiallyreflectingmetalliccoating.现流行的简单干涉滤光片本质上是一个法布里-珀罗标准具，其中垫片是一层薄薄的绝缘材料，通过在两层部分反射的金属涂层之间蒸发沉积而成。,6.2SpectralFilters,6.2.4MiscellaneousFilter各种各样的滤光片Ingeneral,polarizedlightpassingthroughbirefringentmaterialchangesitsstateofpolarization.Therateofchangeisproportionaltothewavenumberofthelight,inverseproportionaltothewavelength,whendispersioneffectsareneglected.一般来说，偏振光穿过双折射材料会改变其极化状态。当忽略色散效应时，变化率与光的波数成正比，与波长成反比。,6.2SpectralFilters,Ideally,allthecomponentsofanintegratedopticssubsystem,includinglightsources,lightguides,modulators,couplers,anddetectors,wouldbedevelopedintegrallyonasinglesubstrate,resultinginmonolithicintegratedoptics.在理想的情况下，集成光学子系统的所有组件，包括光源、光导、调节器、耦合器和检测器，都将集成在一个单一的基板上，从而形成单片集成光学（系统）。,6.3IntegratedOptics,Manyofthetechniquesdevelopedinsemiconductorelectronicsindustry,suchasphotolithographicmasking,crystalgrowing,ionimplantation,etc.,aresuitableinthemanufacturingofintegratedopticscomponentsandsystems,aswell.半导体电子工业中所开发的许多技术，如光刻掩模、晶体生长、离子注入等，都适用于集成光学元件和系统的制造。,6.3IntegratedOptics,6.3.1Manufacturing制造Thechannelsofintegratedopticsmaybeproducedeitherbythedepositionofonematerialontoasubstrateofsomeothermaterial,orbymodifyingvolumeelementsonthesurfaceofthesubstrate,orinsideit,byphysicalorchemicalprocesses.集成光学的通道可以通过将一种材料沉积到其他材料的基底上，或者通过物理或化学处理过程修改基底表面或内部的体积单元来产生。,6.3IntegratedOptics,6.3.2PropagationinaWaveguide波导管中的传播Guidinglightwithinthinfilmandalongsmallchannelsisamajorfunctioninintegratedoptics.Thesefilmsandchannelsarethensaidtoserveasopticalwaveguides.在薄膜和小通道内引导光线是集成光学的主要功能。这些薄膜和通道被称为光学波导,6.3IntegratedOptics,6.3.3CouplingofWaveEnergy波能耦合Thetransferoflightfromonecomponenttoanotherisdoneviaradiationcoupling.Thisoccurswhenlightfromaradiationsourceisintroducedintoanopticalwaveguideandwhenitistransferredfromthewaveguidetothedetector.将光从一个组件传递到另一个组件是通过辐射耦合完成的。当将来自辐射源的光引入到光波导中，以及它从波导传输到检测器时，就会发生这种情况。,6.3IntegratedOptics,6.3.3CouplingofWaveEnergy波能耦合Moreefficientmethodsofcouplingarebasedontechniquesinwhichelectromagneticfluxrunsparalleltotheguideandgraduallyleaksintoit.更为有效的耦合方法是基于电磁通量与波导平行，并逐渐渗透其中的技术。,6.3IntegratedOptics,6.3.4Components组件Waveguides、Lightsources、Lensesandprisms、Modulators、DetectorsAnopticalwaveguideconsistsofanextendedregionofrelativelyhighrefractiveindexandlowattenuationsurroundedbymediaoflowerrefractiveindex,sothatelectromagneticwavescanpropagateinitwithreasonablesmallabsorptionandradiationlosses.一种光波导由较高的折射率和被低折射率包围的低衰减的扩展区域组成，因此电磁波可以在具有合理的弱吸收和辐射损耗的光波导中传播。,6.3IntegratedOptics,6.3.4Components组件Waveguides、Lightsources、Lensesandprisms、Modulators、DetectorsThelightpassingthroughtheintegratedopticalsystemmaybemodulatedinaccordancewithanappliedelectricalsignalbymeansofanyofthebasictechniqueselectrooptic,magnetooptic,oracoustoopticusedforhigh-frequencymodulationintheusualopticalsystem.通过集成光学系统的光，可以通过任何一种基本技术，根据应用的电信号进行调制，如电光、磁光或声光技术，这些技术用于一般光学系统中的高频调制。,6.3IntegratedOptics,6.4.1Phototubes光电管6.4.2GaseousAmplificationandGasPhotodiodes气体放大和气体光电二极管Theconstructionmustallowthelighttostrikethephotocathodeandpermitthecollectionofmostofthephotoelectronsontothefirstdynodeatanenergyappropriateforthedesiredmultiplicationratio.这种结构必须允许光照射到光电阴极上，并允许将大部分的光电子以一定能量收集到第一个倍增电极上，以达到所需的倍增率。,6.4PhotoelectricandThermalDetectors,6.4.3PhotoconductiveDetectors光（电）导探测器6.4.4ImageDetectors图像探测器Inmanyofthesedevices,theopticalimageisfirstconvertedintoanelectronimage,thatis,anelectroncloudwhosedensitydistributionfollowsthatoftheopticalirradiationdistribution.在许多这样的装置中，首先将光学图像转换成电子图像，也就是说，电子云的密度分布遵循光辐射分布。,6.4PhotoelectricandThermalDetectors,6.4.5ThermalDetectors热探测器Inprinciple,anysubstancehavingameasurablephysicalcharacteristicthatchangesinapredictablemannerwithtemperaturecanbeusedasathermalradiationdetector.原则上讲，任何具有可测量的物理特性的物质，以可预测的方式改变温度，都可以用作热辐射探测器。,6.4PhotoelectricandThermalDetectors,6.4.6ComparisonofDetectors探测器对比Especiallyinapplicationswhereitisdesirabletooperatewithoutanexternalpowersupply,thephotovoltaicorphotoelectromagneticmodesofoperationofthephotoconductorwillmakeitthepreferreddevice.特别是在不需要外部电源的应用中，光电导元件以光电或光电磁模式工作将使其成为首选设备。,6.4PhotoelectricandThermal