医学英文写作

医学论文摘要写作AbstractwritingofmedicalEnglish-Outlineinthiscaseitshouldbesufficienttobrieflymentionthosemethodsthatprovidethekeyresults.,Results,Thekeyresultsshouldfollow(Results),givingthemainfindingsoftheresearch,includingresultsforanydescribedprimaryorsecondaryendpoints.Itisbesttogivethenumberofobservationsforeachresult(i.e.thenumberofpatientssupplyingdataforanyprimaryorsecondaryendpoints).Theresultsofstatisticaltestsshouldbedescribed,aswellasanykeysafetyortoxicologicalfindings.DonotpresentresultsifthemethodforobtainingthemwasnotdescribedintheMethodssection.,Forexample:ThepercentageofBPrespondersatweek6was5%(4of80patients),55%(44of80patients)and85%(68of80patients)withplacebo,10mg(por=1:1600;antiglobulinantibodytiter,or=1:400).RESULTS:Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment,thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatthedegreeofhypothyroidismworsenedin20patients,remainedunchangedin40,andimprovedin19.Ninepatients(11.4%)didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest.CONCLUSIONS:OurresultsconfirmthathypothyroidismcausedbyHashimotosthyroiditisisnotalwayspermanent.Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinlevelsatthetimeofdiagnosis,associatedwithafamilialincidenceofthyroiddisease,mayberelatedtoanincreasedincidenceofhypothyroidismremission.,2.结构式英文摘要写作,一、要求：1.短小精悍用150-400个英文单词对原文进行浓缩。2.内容完整全面反映原文内容，包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。3.用第三人称语气，尽可能采用专业术语。二、格式：【Abstract】Objective(Aim)MethodsResultsConclusion,2.1Objectives(目的),说明研究的目的或所阐述的问题。英文常用动词不定式“To+动词原形”开头。Tostudy/Toobtain/Toinvestigate/Toexplore/Toobserve/Toanalyse/Toevaluate/Toexamine/Toelucidate阐明/Todetermine/Toconfirm/Toascertain确定/Todetect/Todescribe/Toreport/Tocompare/Tojudge/Toestablish/Tounderstand/Toprovide/Toclarify/Toknow等等。,2.2Methods(方法),对研究的基本设计加以描述。包括分组情况、诊断标准及随访时间；研究对象的数量及特征；治疗手段包括使用方法及作用时间等。英文常用完整的被动或主动结构句子，动词用过去时态。常用表达方式有：techniquewasusedtodetect/wereselectedasexperimentgroups/wereinthecontrolgroups/methodswereusedtodetect/weredeterminedbyPCRin/Arandomized,doubleblind双盲法,placebocontrolledtrial对照试验wasperformed/Acasecontrolstudy病例对照研究/Aprospectiveclinicalstudy/Weretrospectivelyanalyzed/Westudied等等。,2.3Results(结果),为摘要的重点部分。提供研究所得出的主要结果，列出重要数据。提出新方法与经典方法比较而表现出的优缺点，并说明其可信度及准确性的统计学程度。英文要用完整的句子，谓语动词用过去时态。研究所得数据如百分数、血压等数据采用临床病例书写形式。常用英文表达方式：was(were)/wefound/Therewas/wassignificantlydifferentamong/theresultdidnotshowany/showsignificantdifference等等。,2.4Conclusions(结论),把研究的主要结论用一两句话简明表达。结论应当由直接依据避免推测和过于笼统。英语用完整的句子来表达，时态用一般现在时或现在完成时。常用的表达方式有：isprobably/Ourconclusionisthat/Thisstudyshowsthat/Thisstudysuggeststhat/Thisstudyconfirmsthat/Theseobservationsupport.,3.Majortermsandexpressionpatterns,31Majortermsreceive、undergo;have等)及其句型,Hyperthermia体温过高wascarriedoutusinganovelwater-filtered,infrared-Aradiationtechnique.Aprospectivestudywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent.Clinicalevaluationsweremadeonthe14patientsincluding4withpharyngitis咽炎,7withtonsillitis,.,Allthepatientsreceivedsatisfactoryanesthesia麻醉foroperation.patientsunderwentoperationsandtherewerenooperativedeaths.Amongthe62survivors,18hadanotheroperation.,3.2.5表达分组的句型,be(randomly)divided/allocated/assignedcategorized/classified/grouped/separated/clust-ered(in)to.groups.berandomizedinto.groups.be(randomly)into.groups,basedon.Thegroupswereasfollows.,326有关各种检查的句型,Bloodsugar（项目）wasexaminedin50patients（对象）.Fiftypatients（对象）wereexaminedforbloodsugar（项目）by（手段）at2and24hafteradmission.写“检查”句的时候，注意for的用法：检查病人的x可以说：Thex（项目）wasexaminedinpatientsby（方法），也可以说：Thepatientwasexaminedforx（项目）by（方法）,326有关各种检查的句型,Eachtoothwassectionedandexaminedfordyepenetrationunderastereomicro-scope(60magnification).注意在描述用显微镜观察或检查什么的时候，很多人常常用错microscope和microscopy这两个词。正确的用法是：undermicroscope或bymicroscopy/withmicroscope。,3.3表达结果的句型,331叙述观察或发现了什么（1）主动态句：Wefound(observed,noted,saw,recorded.)that.（2）被动态句：Itwasfound(observed,noted,seen,recorded.)that.,332量的或,泛言或Theprevalenceincreasedwithage./CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA.Estrogenreplacementtherapyreducedexcretionofzinc,.levelsrapidlydeclinedinHL-60cellsfollowinginductionofapoptosisby,butweretransientlyelevatedbytwootherapoptosis-inducingagents.levelsofgreatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof.,(2)或了多少一般地说，应该用by引出实际增加或减少的数目：Cellnumberincreasedbyalmost50%duringthefirst24-hafterthebeginningoftreatment.Zincexcretiondecreasedby35%after3monthsand26%after1yearoftreatment.,332量的或,(3)从多少或到多少Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreasedsignificantlyfrom.to.andfrom.to.,respectively.Residualurinevolumedecreasedsignificantlyfrom.tolessthan.significantly在这里当“有意义地”讲。By60minofreperfusion,levelsof6-ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC.,332量的或,(4)跟B相比，A或了Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantlydecreased(as)comparedwithpatients.showedasignificantincreaseincomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations.,332量的或,Association与associatedTherewasa/an.associationofAwithB/betweenAandB./.didnotdemonstrateanassociationofAwithB./.suggestthatAappearstohavenoassociationwithB./A.associationwasobserved*betweenAandB./AssociationsbetweenAandBwereassessedwith/by./AwasassociatedwithB.同、与、跟：ofAwithB；之间：betweenAandB.,333表示关系的句型,A.correlationwasfound*forAandB/betweenAandB./No(statisticallysignificant)correlationwasfound*betweenAandB./Therewasa(no).correlationbetweenAandB/amongthefour./CorrelationbetweenconcentrationsinAandBserumwaspoor./Correlationswerehighestbetweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats.*found可以是noted、seen、observed、obtained等。,Correlation与correlated,Acorrelated(well*)with/toB./Abe.*correlatedwithB./AbenotcorrelatedtoB.AdidnotcorrelatewithB./A.*correlateswithB.*此处副词可以据意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之类词。TheplasmasIL-2Rwaspositivelycorrelatedto/withtheplasmaMDA.,Correlated（续）,跟relation搭配的介词用to、betweenand及with（少见），如：Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrationsinrelationtosaltsensitivityinpatientswithessentialhypertension.这里to可以换成with，但不常用with。Inaddition,therewasasignificantrelationbetweenAandB.AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB./Amaybe.*relatedtoB./AwerenotrelatedtoB.,Relation与related,relationship,TherelationshipbetweenAandBhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies./Norelationshipwasnoted*betweenAandB./RegressionanalysisshowednorelationshipbetweenAandB./Incontrast,therewerehighlysignificantrelationshipsbetweenAandB.A与B和C两者的关系怎么表达?TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC,334表示比较的句型,3341相同比较用as.as.等表示Ourdatasupportpreviousuncontrolledobservationsthatmedium-doseUVA1iscomparablyaseffectiveashigh-dosetreatmentforpatientswithseveregeneralizedatopicdermatitis.全身特异反应性皮炎Theincidenceinmiddleagedgroupisalmostashighasthatinoldpeople.Low-dosecyclosporinAwasaseffectiveastraditionaldisease-modifyingantirheumaticdrugs缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物incontrollingclinicalsymptoms.asquickaslightning迅如闪电；aslightasafeather轻如鸿毛,（1）A+比较级+thanB：Generally,menarehigherthanwomen.（2）动词比较级than：AsecretedandexpressedhigheramountsthandidB.（3）比较级主句comparedwith：AwaslowerinOAchondrocytes(as)comparedwithB.（4）Incomparisonwith，比较级主句：IncomparisonwithB,Aoccurredearlier,butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpression.（5）Themorethemore越是就越,3342不同比较,1）省略从句中某些成分（谓语）Thewarmerwater(is),thefasteritevaporates.水越热，蒸发越快。Thesmallertheparticles(are),themorefreelydotheymove.粒子越小，运动越自由。（do为倒装助动词）主、从句中主语、谓语全部省略，如：Themore,thebetter.多多益善。Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。2）词序倒装词序：The+比较级(从句)，the+比较级（主句）从句在前，主句在后，主从句的比较级都在谓语之前，并且不能把more和后面的形容词、副词及名词分开：,Themoreheworkedonthearithmeticproblem,themoreconfusedhebecame.这道算术题他越做越糊涂。正常词序+比较级（主句），the+比较级被比较成分或从句。主句在前，从句在后，主句的比较级在谓语之后：Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable,thesmalleritspotentialenergy.因此势能越小，化合物就被认为越稳定。3）语序大多数情况是前者为从属分句（相当于程度状语分句），后者为主句：AccordingtoKeynes,thegreaterthetotalincomeofanationis,theless(the)peoplewanttoinvest,becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped.结论是：主句若用正常语序，则前置；换言之，若主句前置，则主句为常序。,4）翻译英译汉，先从后主，即“顺句倒译，倒句顺译”；汉译英，正序翻译主句在前，倒序翻译主句在后。（6）notso.as不如(或没有)那样（医论文不多见）notas.as和.不一样（提法不一；手册强调区别）TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamongwomenvisitinganEDaspreviouslyreported,althoughthecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh.ThelineABisnotaslongasthelineCD,butalittlelonger/shorter.AB线和CD线的长度不一样，AB线长一些（短一些）。（手27）HeadacheofpatientAwasnotso/assevereasthatofpatientB.甲病人头痛没有/不如乙病人重。(指南88),就是多用了指示代词that或those，如：SDHactivityofcochleawasloweringroupAthan(that)ingroupB.比较状语（位置同等）（找不到这个that所替代的对象，无由存在）把that去掉就对了。要用that的结构应该是：SDHactivityofcochleaingroupAwaslowerthanthatingroupB.比较主语（位置相当）（这个that替代的是画线部分，不可或缺）就如汉语里讲：个子你比我（的个子讲不通）高；你的个子比我的个子高。,3.3.4.3比较级句中一个最常见的错误,3.4表达结论的句型,3.4.1由结果引出结论3.4.1.1句型结构The/These/Ourresult(s)/finding(s)/study(ies)/data/observation/analysis.(主语)show(s)/showed/suggest(s/ed)/confirm(s/ed)/indicate(s/d)/demonstrate(s/d)support(s/ed)accord(s/ed)with/agree(s/d)wellwith/illustrate(s/d)/provide(s/d)evidence/point(s/ed)out/reveal(s/ed).(谓语)that(宾语从句).,show(s)/showedsuggest(s)/-edconfirm(s)/-edresultsindicate(s)/-dfindingsdemonstrate(s)/-dThe/Ourstudy/iessupport(s)/-edthatdataaccord(s)/-edwithobservationagree(s)/-dwellwithanalysisillustrate(s)/-dprovide(s)/-devidencepoint(s)/-edoutreveal(s)/-ed,3.4.1.2例句,Results/OurdataindicatethatICV脑室内Adenocardamelioratestheophylline-inducedseizures.ThisstudysuggeststhatIVIgcanamelioratethesymptomsandimprovethefunctionalcapabilityofRApatients.IVIg:intravenousimmunoglobulinThesedata/OurresultssuggestthatglucoregulationinpatientswithVHdoesnotdifferfromthatinmatchedcontrols.Theresults/Thesefindingssupportthehypothesisthatplasmakallikrein血浆激肽释放酶ispresentinsynovialfluid.Thisstudyconfirmsthat.,3.4.2直接表达结论的句型,Itisconcludedthattheantiplateletactionofgingerolismainlyduetotheinhibitionofthromboxaneformation.Itwasconcludedthatflumazenil10microgramskg-1doesnotinfluencerecoveryfrompropofolanesthesia.Onthebasisoftheobtainedresultsithasbeenconcludedthat.（得出的）结论是；可以下这样的结论；已经得出结论,The