American welfare美国的社会福利

AmericanWelfare,1200434HouJunfeng,WelfareintheUnitedStates,SocialprogramsintheUnitedStatesarewelfaresubsidiesdesignedtoaidtheneedsoftheU.S.population.Proposalsforfederalprogramsbeganwith,Theprogramsvaryineligibilityrequirementsandareprovidedbyvariousorganizationsonafederal,state,localandprivatelevel.Theyhelptoprovidefood,shelter,education,healthcareandmoneytoU.S.citizensthroughprimaryandsecondaryeducation,subsidiesofcollegeeducation,unemploymentdisabilityinsurance,subsidiesforeligiblelow-wageworkers,subsidiesforhousing,foodstamps,pensionsforeligiblepersonsandhealthinsuranceprogramsthatcoverpublicemployees.,SocialSecurityAdministration,TheUnitedStatesSocialSecurityAdministration(SSA),createdin1935,wasthefirstmajorfederalwelfareagencyandcontinuestobethemostprominent,TheAmericanwelfarestatewasdesignedtoaddressmarketshortcomingsanddowhatprivateenterprisescannotorwillnotdothemselves.Unlikewelfarestatesbuiltonsocialdemocracyfoundationsitwasnotdesignedtopromotearedistributionofpoliticalpowerfromcapitaltolabor;norwasitdesignedtomediateclassstruggle.,Analysis,Aspects,AspectsoftheprogramvaryindifferentstatesMichigan,forexample,requiresrecipientstospendamonthinajobsearchprogrambeforebenefitscanbegin.Eligibilityforwelfaredependsonavarietyoffactors,includinggrossandnetincome,familysize,andothercircumstanceslikepregnancy（怀孕）,homelessness,unemployment,andmedicalconditions.,History,ThewelfaresystemintheUnitedStatesbeganinthe1930s,duringtheGreatDepression.AftertheGreatSocietylegislationofthe1960s,forthefirsttimeapersonwhowasnotelderlyordisabledcouldreceiveneed-basedaidfromthefederalgovernment.Aidcouldincludegeneralwelfare（公共福利）payments,healthcarethroughMedicaid（医疗补助计划）,foodstamps,specialpaymentsforpregnantwomenandyoungmothers,andfederalandstatehousingbenefits.,However,criticsofthereformssometimespointoutthatthemassivedecreaseofpeopleonthewelfarerollsduringthe1990swasntduetoariseinactualgainfulemploymentinthispopulation,butrather,wasduealmostexclusivelytotheiroffloadingintoworkfare,givingthemadifferentclassificationthanclassicwelfarerecipient.,In1996,undertheBillClintonadministration,CongresspassedthePersonalResponsibilityandWorkOpportunityReconciliationAct,whichgavemorecontrolofthewelfaresystemtothestatesthoughtherearebasicrequirementsthestatesneedtomeetwithregardstowelfareservices.,Timeline,ThefollowingisashorttimelineofwelfareintheUnitedStates:1880s1890s:Attemptsweremadetomovepoorpeoplefromworkyardstopoorhousesiftheywereinsearchofrelieffunds.18931894:Attemptsweremadeatthefirstunemploymentpayments,butwereunsuccessfulduetothe18931894recession.1932:TheGreatDepressionhadgottenworseandthefirstattemptstofundrelieffailed.TheEmergencyReliefAct,whichgavelocalgovernments$300million,waspassedintolaw.1933:InMarch1933,PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltpushedCongresstoestablishtheCivilianConservationCorps.1935:TheSocialSecurityActwaspassedonJune17,1935.Thebillincludeddirectrelief(cash,foodstamps,etc.)andchangesforunemploymentinsurance.1940:AidtoFamiliesWithDependentChildren(AFDC)wasestablished.1964:JohnsonsWaronPovertyisunderway,andtheEconomicOpportunityActwaspassed.CommonlyknownastheGreatSociety1996:PassedunderClinton,thePersonalResponsibilityandWorkOpportunityReconciliationActof1996becomeslaw.,Socialinsurance,TheSocialSecurityprogrammainlyreferstotheOldAge,Survivors,andDisabilityInsurance(OASDI)program,andpossiblytheunemploymentinsuranceprogram.RetirementInsuranceBenefits(RIB),alsoknownasOld-ageInsuranceBenefits,areaformofsocialinsurancepaymentsmadebytheU.S.SocialSecurityAdministrationpaidbasedupontheattainmentoldage(62orolder).SocialSecurityDisabilityInsurance(SSDorSSDI)isafederalinsuranceprogramthatprovidesincomesupplementstopeoplewhoarerestrictedintheirabilitytobeemployedbecauseofanotabledisability.Unemploymentinsurance,alsoknownasunemploymentcompensation,providesformoneyfromtheUnitedStatesandthestatebyaworkerwhohasbecomeunemployedthroughnofaultoftheirown.,Generalwelfare,TheSupplementalSecurityIncome(SSI)programprovidesstipendstolow-incomepeoplewhoareeitheraged(65orolder),blind,ordisabled.TheTemporaryAssistanceforNeedyFamilies(TANF)providescashassistancetoindigentAmericanfamilieswithdependentchildren.,Healthcare,Healthcarefacilitiesarelargelyownedandoperatedbytheprivatesector.HealthinsuranceintheUnitedStatesisnowprimarilyprovidedbythegovernmentinthepublicsector,with60-65%ofhealthcareprovisionandspendingcomingfromprogramssuchasMedicare,Medicaid,TRICARE,theChildrensHealthInsuranceProgram,andtheVeteransHealthAdministration.,Education,Percapitaspendingontertiaryeducationisamongthehighestintheworld.Asinalldevelopedcountries,primaryandsecondaryeducationisfree,universalandmandatory.Thegovernmentalsoprovidesgrants,scholarshipsandsubsidizedloanstomoststudents.,Foodassistance,IntheU.S.,financialassistanceforfoodpurchasingforlow-andno-incomepeopleisprovidedthroughtheSupplementalNutritionAssistanceProgram(SNAP),alsoknownastheFoodStampProgram.Tobeeligibleforfoodstamps（粮票）,therecipientsmusthaveincomesbelow130per