艺康清洗消毒基础(ppt)

明智的选择Making The Right Choice,清洁剂Cleaners,清洁的五种基本因素 Sinners Circle Five Cleaning Basis Factors,MECHANICALACTION机械作用,TEMPERATURE温 度,CHEMICALACTION化学作用,TIME时间,PROCEDURE,清洁的其他因素Extended Sinners Circle Cleaning Factors,MECHANICALACTION机械作用,TEMPERATURE温度,CHEMICALACTION化学作用,TIME时间,HEALTH & SAFETY,PROCEDURE,ENVIRONMENT,选择清洁剂的五种因素Five Factors,污垢的特性水的质量需要清洁的表面清洁的方法对环境的关注,污垢的种类Nature of Soils,肉眼可察见的解决方法: 使用正确清洁剂不能用肉眼察见的 (细菌)解决方法: 使用正确消毒剂,食品饮料制造业污垢的分类Classification of Soils,油脂蛋白质碳水化合物矿物盐,Fat Removal 去除油脂,68O 90.5O 113O 135.5O 158O,CF,水清洁剂,温度,油脂Fats,乳化 (Emulsification): - 表面活性剂 (Surfactant)分散 (Dispersion): 碱 (Alkali)皂化 (Saponification): - 强碱 (Strong Alkali),蛋白质Protein,碱或酸 Alkaline or Acid溶解蛋白质氧化剂 Oxidizing Agent水解蛋白质 Hydrolyze proteins酶 Enzyme (蛋白酶 Protease)催化水解蛋白质过程,酪素 Casein,蛋白质溶解速度Solubility of Protein,碳水化合物Carbohydrates,糖 Sugars可溶于温水淀粉 Starches碱性或酸性清洁剂淀粉酶 (Amylase),矿物盐Mineral Salts,来自食物及水 - 奶石 (milk-stone), 啤酒石 (beer-stone)可溶于一般酸螯合 (Chelates) 最佳的溶解劑防止水垢形成 - 水处理剂,清洁溶液Cleaning Solution,清洁剂,水,常见水中的杂质Typical Impurities in Water,水的硬度Water Hardness,是水的最重要化学特质零时性硬度碳酸钙或碳酸镁遇热加速形成水垢遇碱加速形成水垢永久性硬度氯化钙或氯化镁, 硫化钙或硫化镁加热后更稳定遇碱加速水的硬度与水垢形成,水的硬度Water HardnessCalcium Carbonate CaCO3U.S. Geological Survey,17.1 ppm Ca CO3 = 1 gpg,Hardness 硬度,酸碱度pH,介乎中性: pH 6.5 - pH 8.5一般酸性或碱性清洁剂均不受水的酸碱度所影响,矿物及其他杂质Minerals and Other Impurities,铁和镁 Iron and manganese引致污点氧化物混合产生沉淀微生物 Microorganisms,清洁/消毒应使用标准水Suggested Water StandardsCleaning/Sanitizing Applications,浊度 Turbidity颜色 Color气味 Taste/Odor总可溶性固形物 Total Dissolved Solids硬度 Hardness as CaCO3碱度 Alkalinity as CaCO3 pH含铁量 Iron含镁量 Manganese含铜量 Copper氯化物 Chlorides硫化物 Sulfates硅 Silica有机物 Microorganisms标准平均计数 Standard Plate Count大肠菌 Coliforms球菌 Psychrotropes,1-105-10低5002502506-80.30.1220020015无病原体 Pathogen free少于 500 cfu/ml.少于 1 cfu/100 ml.少于 20 cfu/ml.,因素 指标 (mg/L),需要清洁的表面Surface/Material to be Cleaned,不锈钢 Stainless Steel铝 Aluminum铜 Copper and brass生铁 Mild steel非金属表面 Nonmetallicsurfaces表面的性质 Nature of Surface光滑性 Smoothness易受腐蚀性 Corrosion,清洁的方法Methods of ApplicationTypical Cleaning Solutions,清洗方法Method of Application,需考虑的因素:员工所接触皮肤的接触及对空气的污染手洗清洁:介乎 pH 4 -10.5高压喷洗式清洁泡沫式清洁机械式清洁 (CIP),环境保护 Environmental,所有污水排放前必需先预先处理必需先中和或降低水的酸碱度, 以减少对环境的污染含磷量 (Phosphates)控制污水中的 BOD 或 COD,清洁的化学原理Chemistry of Cleaning清洁剂的成份 Detergent Components,表面的活性剂 (Surfactants)主要成份 Builders:碱 Alkaline Builders酸 Acid Builders酶 Enzymes水处理剂 Water Conditioners氧化剂 Oxidizing Agents填充剂 Fillers其他添加剂 Miscellaneous Additives,清洁的化学原理Chemistry of Cleaning,清洁剂与污垢所产生的物理作用改变其溶解特性清洁剂与污垢所产生的化学作用使污垢变成易溶于水的物质,表面活性剂 (Surfactant),渗透作用 Wetting Penetration,乳化表面活性剂Emulsification Surfactants,表面活性剂 Surfactants,提供三种作用:渗透乳化悬浮,表面活性剂Surfactants,泡沫抑制剂 Defoamers,70OF 90OF 110OF 130OF 150OF,低,泡沫量,临界点,高,综合成份Builders,能增加清洁力的物质碱性酸性酶水处理剂氧化剂,排斥作用Charge Repulsion碱性成份Alkaline Builders,污垢,污垢,污垢,污垢,污垢,污垢,碱性成份Alkaline Builders,碱性来源:苛性钠 (Caustic soda)氢氧化钾 (Caustic potash)三磷酸盐 (Trisodium phosphate)碳酸钾及碳酸钠 (Sodium and potassium carbonate)硅酸盐 (Silicates)胺 (Amines),碱度的量度Alkalinity as Sodium Oxide,碱性来源 Equivalent Sodium Oxide Na2O Total Active苛性碱 氢氧化钠 Sodium Hydroxide0.760.75 氢氧化钾 Potassium Hydroxide0.490.48偏硅酸钠 Sodium Metasilicate0.500.47碳酸钠 Sodium Carbonate0.570.28三磷酸钠 Sodium Tripolyphosphate0.180.05,酸性成份Acid Builders,食品 /饮料用以清除或防止污垢形成, 例如: 奶石或啤酒石磷酸 (Phosphoric acid)硝酸 (Nitric acid)有机酸 (Organic acids),酶Enzyme,一种蛋白质催化剂或分子, 能加速整个化学作用,污垢蛋白质脂肪碳水化合物,酶蛋白酶 (Protease)脂肪酶 (Lipase)淀粉酶 (Amylase),酶,蛋白质,水处理剂Water Conditioners,用以处理水中杂质多价螯合剂 (Sequestering agents)与镁钙离子螯合例如: 磷酸盐螯合剂 (Chelates) - 或形成可溶于水的合成物 - 例如: 乙二胺三醋酸 (EDTA), 葡糖 酸钠 (Sodium Gluconates),氧化剂Oxidizing Agents,用以加强碱清洁能力 - 次氯酸钠 (Sodium Hypochlorite) - 高硼酸钠 (Sodium Perborate),填充剂Fillers,增加容量及重量加入清洁剂中稀释, 以降低危险性降低成本液体产品: 水是最普遍的填充剂粉装产品: 盐是最普遍的填充剂,其他成份Miscellaneous Ingredients,防腐剂 (Corrosion inhibitors)溶剂 (Solvents),碱性清洁剂Alkaline Detergents,性能对照表 Comparative Ability,A - 最佳 ExcellentB - 良好 GoodC - 无效能 No AbilityD - 负效能 Negative Performance,基本碱BasicAlkalis,复合磷酸盐ComplexPhosphates,有机物质OrganicMaterials,酸性清洁剂Acid Detergents,性能对照表 Comparative Ability,无机矿物酸 MineralAcids,有机酸OrganicAcids,A - 最佳 ExcellentB - 良好 GoodC -无效能 No AbilityD -负效能 Negative Performance,明智的选择Making The Right Choice消毒剂Sanitizers,为何要使用消毒剂Why Do We Sanitize?,保障产品的安全保障产品的质量 - 延长保存期遵守政府的法例,消毒过程能保证产品的质量及安全Sanitation ProtectsProduct Quality & Safety,正确选择的益处Benefits of “Making The Right Choice”,良好的口碑减少财务损失合乎法规的准则满足顾客及照顾食品安全带来利润,微生物的种类Types of Microorganisms,螺旋菌Spiral Bacteria,球菌Cocci Bacteria,杆菌Rod-Shaped Bacteria,霉菌Molds,酵母Yeast,常见词汇Sterilant / Sterilize,彻底杀灭所有活的微生物包括细菌孢子,细菌, 病毒及真菌高温及化学处理于特定的情况下最为有效主要用于医学界及实验室,常见词汇Disinfectant / Disinfect,清除100%可繁殖细胞不能杀灭所有细菌孢子广为医院所采用常用于泳池和食水消毒,常见词汇Sanitizer / Sanitize,降低微生物污染的程度 (99.999%)可分为两类:无需过水的消毒剂, 用于接触食物表面 (No-rinse food contact surface sanitizer)非接触食物表面的消毒剂 (Non-food contact surface sanitizer),接触食物表面的消毒剂Food Contact Surface SanitizerAOAC Germicidal Detergent Sanitizer Test,25oC 99 ml 配制杀菌液,加 1 ml大肠菌或葡萄球菌,(至少含细胞 7.5 x 107 /ml),30秒接触时间,中和 1 ml,存活细胞计数,所需效率在30秒 25oC 杀灭率为 99.999%,United States Environmental Protection Agency,有效清除微生物证明资料 产品化学成份 毒理学资料 标签及技术上资料,EPA,FIFRA,Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act,注册消毒剂Sanitizer Registration,EPA Reg. No. 1677-58,Food and Drug Administration - FDA,U.S. Departmentof Agriculture - USDA,Health Canada / Canadian Agriculture Food Safety,DIRECTIONS FOR USE:It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.,使用准则Usage RestrictionsKey Points: Potable Water 自来水,稀释后即时使用 - 非循环再用准确的浓度不能过低 - 效力受质疑不能过高 - 违反法例,NOTE: FOR MECHANICAL OPERATIONS prepared use solutions may not be reused for sanitizing but may be reused for other purposes such as cleaning.FOR MANUAL OPERATIONS fresh sanitizing solutions should be prepared at least daily or more often if the solution becomes diluted or soiled.,获FDA批准无需过水的消毒剂(1998)FDA Approved No-Rinse Food Contact Surface Sanitizers,“ 氯” (Chlorine)二氧化氯 (Chlorine dioxide / mixture of oxychloro species)“ 碘” 消毒剂 (Iodophors)“ 季铵 ” (Quaternary ammonium compounds)酸性阴离子消毒剂 (Acid-anionic sanitizers)羧酸消毒剂 (Carboxylic acid sanitizers)过氧醋酸 (Peroxy acid compounds)酚 (Phenolic),氯气Chlorine Gas,氯气 (Chlorine Gas)次氯酸钠,次氯酸钙,次氯酸锂(Sodium, calcium, lithium hypochlorites)粉状有机氯性来源: 最高浓度 - 200 ppm available chlorine,NaOCl + H2O HOCl + NaOH Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O 2HOCl + Ca(OH)2 Cl2 + H2O HOCl + H+ + Cl-,“ 氯 ” 于液体的化学作用Chemistry of Chlorinein Solution,“ 氯 ” 的优点Chlorine Advantages,用途广泛能抵受硬水于低温下仍有高效能较为经济不留残余物/不会形成水垢,100%,50%,0%,HOCI Activity,4 5 6 7 8 9 10pH,“ 氯 ” 的缺点Chlorine Disadvantages,可能形成有毒的氯气腐蚀性刺激性不稳定 - 保存期短可能形成有毒的副产品, Trihalomethane Compounds (THMs),“ 碘” 消毒剂 Iodophors,碘 (Iodine) + 表面活性剂 ( Surfactant) + 酸 (Acid)最高浓度 - 25 ppm,“ 碘” 消毒剂的优点Iodophors Advantages,用途广泛较“ 氯” 温和低毒有效的酸碱度较“ “氯” 广泛 - pH 2-8腐蚀性较“ 氯” 低稳定 - 保存期长颜色容易辨认,酸碱度对“ 碘” 消毒剂的影响Effect of pH on Iodophor Sanitizers,Note: I2 是最有活性的形态,“ 碘” 消毒剂的缺点Iodophors Disadvantages,沾污非光滑表面及胶制物质对噬菌体作用较低于低温下不能发挥效能高温下会造成腐蚀性不能加热至摄氏120度当使用CIP时, 可能引致过多泡沫较“ 氯” 昂贵气味,“ 季铵”QuaternaryAmmonium ChlorideCompounds,FDA 所允许于食物接触表面，无需过水之消毒浓度 - 200 ppm,“ 季铵” 的优点Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Compound Advantages,无毒, 无嗅, 无色不含腐蚀性温度稳定对有机污垢有较稳定的效能用途广泛有较长的残效期有清洁及渗透污垢的能力稳定 - 保存期长控制霉菌具辟味功效,“ 季铵” 的缺点Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Compound Disadvantages,不可与阴离子渗透剂一起使用抵受硬水的能力低于低温下只能发挥有限效能于机械式操作下会产生大量泡沫杀菌能力随配方的不同而有差异,酸性阴离子Acid Anionics,阴离子的表面活性剂 (Anionic Surfactants) + 酸 (Acid)双重作用:消毒及酸性过水 (sanitize & acid rinse),酸性阴离子的优点Acid AnionicsAdvantages,稳定 - 保存期较长一般不含腐蚀性无染色副作用较少难闻的气味不受硬水影响清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢对噬菌体有良好反应,酸性阴离子的缺点Acid AnionicsDisadvantages,高成本对酸碱度敏感，(理想酸碱度 pH2 - 3)有限的杀菌力不能杀灭酵母及霉菌潜在腐蚀性 (当水质含过高氯化物)高泡沫刺激皮肤受阳离子表面活性剂抑制,羧酸 Carboxylic Acid,脂肪酸 (Fatty acids) + 有机酸(organic acids) + 矿物酸 (mineral acid)双重作用:消毒及酸性过水 sanitize & acid rinse低泡,羧酸的优点 Carboxylic Acid Advantages,用于 CIP 清洁时，泡沫较少广泛控制细菌活动稳定 - 保存期较长不受硬水影响清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢无染色副作用,羧酸的缺点Carboxylic Acid Disadvantages,不能完全控制真菌对酸碱度敏感 - 理想酸碱度 55oC潜在腐蚀性，需根据器材、物料使用而定,热水Hot Water,PMO (Pasteurized Milk Ordinance) - 最少摄氏170度 , 5 分钟IDF (International Dairy Federation) - 最少摄氏185度 , 15 分钟,结合 “ 时间 ” 和 “ 温度” 是热水消毒 (Hot Water Sanitizing)最重要一环,热水的优点Hot Water Advantages,经济容易供应广泛杀菌能力不含腐蚀性渗透,热水的缺点Hot Water Disadvantages,过程缓慢形成水垢损害器材凝聚水点不安全成本高 (能源, 器材, 水处理),二氧化氯的优点Chlorine Dioxide - CIO2 Advantages,氧化力强的化学物质较“ 氯” 能抵受有机物质对不锈钢腐蚀性较低对酸碱度敏感性较低,二氧化氯的缺点Chlorine Dioxide - CIO2Disadvantages,不安全有点毒性对光及热敏感成本高,臭氧的优点Ozone - O3 Advantages,强烈的氧化气体广泛控制细菌活动,臭氧的缺点Ozone - O3 Disadvantages,不稳定对酸碱度敏感对温度敏感安全的问题有毒成本高腐蚀性,紫外光的优点Ultraviolet - UV Advantages,不受酸碱度及温度的影响不会留下味道及气味低毒性,紫外光的缺点Ultraviolet - UV Disadvantages,渗透力低安全问题细菌重新滋生受外在因素影响成本高,过氧化物 PeroxyCompounds,H2O2,CH2COOH,H,H,H,H,C,C,O,O,O,+,HydrogenPeroxide,AceticAcid,Peroxyacetic Acid,过氧醋酸消毒剂Peroxyacetic Acid SanitizerOne of the Most Effective Sanitizers Against Biofilms,A conductance-based surface disinfection test for food hygiene.Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1990. 11, 255-259.Conclusion: The peracids were the most effective of the compounds tested against organisms present as biofilms.Effect of Cleaners and Sanitizers on Listeria monocytogenes Attached to Product Contact Surfaces.Journal of Food Protection. 1992. Vol. 55, No. 4, 246-251Conclusion: The most effective sanitizers against attached cells on varioussurfaces included OXONIA ACTIVE.Control of Biofilms in Breweries Through Cleaning and Sanitizing.MBAA Technical Quarterly. 1992. Vol 29, 86-88.Conclusion: Peracetic acid sanitizer provided the greatest reduction in viable biofilm bacteria after a 2 minute contact time.,The following are articles from scientific journals that indicateperoxyacetic acid sanitizers are most effective in controlling biofilms:,过氧醋酸消毒剂Peroxyacetic Acid SanitizerOne of the Most Effective Sanitizers Against Biofilms,Biofilms and their consequences, with particular reference to hygiene in the food industry.Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1993. 75, 499-511.Conclusion: The most effective of the products tested on biofilms was peracetic acid.Scientific Status Summary: Microbial Attachment And Biofilm Formation: A New Problem For The Food Industry. Food Technology. 1994. Vol. 48, No. 7, 107-114.Biofims & Disinfection Development of a Microorganism Carrier-Surface Method.Sciences Des Aliments. 1992. Vol. 12, 721-728.,The following are articles from scientific journals that indicateperoxyacetic acid sanitizers are most effective in controlling biofilms:,过氧醋酸的优点Peroxyacetic Acid Advantages,低泡适合任何温度结合消毒及酸性过水不留残余物质不会腐蚀不锈钢及铝,较能抵受有机污垢不含磷环保杀菌力广泛能于酸碱值达7.5发挥消毒效能,过氧醋酸 - 环保Peroxyacetic Acid, Environmentally Responsible,温度对消毒剂效能的影响Effect of Temperatureon Sanitizer Efficacy过氧酸 vs. 酸性消毒剂,酸碱度对消毒剂效能的影响Effect of pH onSanitizer Efficacy过氧酸 vs.酸性消毒剂,葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus,大肠菌 Escherichia coli,3.0 pH 5.0,40oF 70oF,5,1,LOG REDUCTIONS,LOG REDUCTIONS,5,1,过氧酸 酸 过氧酸 酸,过氧酸 酸 过氧酸,酸,Acid,过氧醋酸的缺点Peroxyacetic Acid Disadvantages,对金属离子敏感腐蚀软金属浓缩时有醋酸味不能完全杀灭真菌,化学消毒剂杀菌力的比较Relative Antimicrobial Activity of Chemic