American-transcendantalismPPT课件

-,1,AnAmericanRenaissance,transcendentalism,-,2,NewEnglandTranscendentalismEmersonThoreau,exit,continue,I.HistoricalBackground,II.NewEnglandTranscendentalism,III.RalphWaldoEmerson,IV.HenryDavidThoreau,-,3,Americain1830-40,“thefrontierofAmericansociety”becamematerialsforaliteratureaboutAmericanlifecitiesalongtheeastcoasttheolderidealofthenationwasstillverymuchaliveBoston,acityfilledwithintellectualexcitementandactivitylectureswerebroughtknowledgeaboutcultureandscience,-,4,TheNewSpiritualEra,youngintellectualsofBostondissatisfiedwiththeoldpatriotismstudiedtheGreek,German,andIndianphilosophers,andwantedtoexploretheinnerlifeandfeelings“theTranscendentalists”formedamovementoffeelingsandbeliefs1.rejectedconservativePuritanismandUnitarianism唯一神论2.foundtruththroughfeelingsandintuition3.OrestesBrownsondefinedthemovementas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively.anorderofknowledgetranscendingthesenses”4.foundGodeverywhere,inmanandthenature,-,5,DefinitionofPuritanismandUnitarianism,PuritanismThepracticesanddoctrinesofthePuritans.Scrupulousmoralrigor,especiallyhostilitytosocialpleasuresandindulgencesUnitarianismAChristianwhoisnotaTrinitarian上帝一位論(否認三位一體說,認為神僅存在一位,承認個人信仰自由或理性在宗教中的應用)TranscendentalismAliteraryandphilosophicalmovement,associatedwithRalphWaldoEmersonandMargaretFuller,assertingtheexistenceofanidealspiritualrealitythattranscendstheempiricalandscientificandisknowablethroughmansintuition,-,6,NewEnglandTranscendentalism,1.ItisthesummitofAmericanRomanticism.2.Leaders:EmersonandThoreau3.Manifesto:NaturewrittenbyRalphWaldoEmersonin1836,whichisregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.4.Club:TranscendentalistClub5.Journal:TheDial（日规）6.Sources:Germanidealism,neo-Platonism,OrientalmysticismandAmericanPuritanism.,-,7,7.Majorfeatures(ideas):SpiritorOversoul:theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandSoul.Spiritiseverywhere.Individualism:themostimportantelementinsociety,thedivinityofindividual.Nature:isaconnectinglinkbetweenGodandman.ItisasymboloftheSpirit.1)Placingemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.-anewwayoflookingattheworld,-,8,2)Stressingtheimportanceoftheindividualself-reliance.-anewwayoflookingatman3)OfferingfreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofthespiritorGod.(Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGodsoverwhelmingpresence.ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul.)“TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.”“Spiritispresenteverywhere.”TheindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.,-,9,超验主义(transcendentalism)的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影-世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水（爱默生语）。超验主义者强调万物本质上的统一，万物皆受超灵制约，而人类灵魂与超灵一致。这种对人之神圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑视外部的权威与传统，依赖自己的直接经验。相信你自己这句爱默生的名言，成为超验主义者的座右铭。这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的人性恶、命定论等教条的束缚，为热情奔放，抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。,-,10,超验主义者的贡献就在于在理想主义的旗帜下重新审视了美，解放了美国思想。他们认为，文学必须保持与自然最原始的关系，使美国文学，包括散文创作，从模仿英国及欧洲大陆的风格中脱颖而出，开创了美国文艺复兴时期。作为一场融欧洲与美国思想潮流于一体的思想运动，它催生了美国散文一系列经典之作：自然(Nature,1836)、美国学者(TheAmericanScholar,1837)、知识的自然历史(NaturalHistoryofIntellect,1893)、瓦尔登湖(Waldon,orLifeintheWoods,1854)，等等。,-,11,教义,1.至善【absolutegood】2.纯洁无暇【unspottedinnocenceofnature3.人具有神性【humanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly超验主义的来源有四：1.欧洲浪漫主义文学【theromanticliteratureofEurope】2.新柏拉图主义【neo-Platonism】3.德国理想主义哲学【Germanidealisticphilosophy】4.东方神秘主义【Orientalmysticism】,-,12,就是好思想，如果不去实行，就和好梦一样。爱默生我所遇见的每一个人，或多或少都是我的老师，因为我从他们身上学到了东西。爱默生人类所抱有的疑念，就是科学的萌芽。爱默生自信就是成功的第一秘诀。爱默生友谊是人生的调味品，也是人生的止痛药。爱默生我们想的是如何养生，如何聚财，如何加固屋顶，如何备齐衣衫；而聪明人考虑的却是怎样选择最宝贵的东西朋友。爱默生要想得到别人的友谊，自己就得先向别人表示友好。爱默生即使断了一条弦，其余的三条弦还是要继续演奏，这就是人生。爱默生凡是有良好教养的人有一禁诫：勿发脾气。爱默生,-,13,RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882),founded“TranscendentalClub”anditsmagazine,TheDial(p.43)thegroupdividedintotwo:thoseinterestedinsocialreformandthoseinindividualspublished“Nature”in1836,claimedmansrelationshipwithnaturetranscendstheideaofusefulness,-,14,RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882),gaveafamousspeech“TheAmericanScholar”atHarvardin1837,calledforanewburstofAmericancreativity“scholar”referredtooriginalthinker,suchamanknowshimselfthroughintuitionandthestudyofnaturenotofbooks.TurnedawayChristianity,becomesakindof“preacher”Emersonsfamousessays:“Self-Reliance,”“Over-Soul,”“ThePoet”,-,15,Hisworks,NatureThePoetTheAmericanScholaror-AmericasDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceRepresentativeMenEnglishTraitsTheConductofLifeEssays,-,16,Emersonsaestheticspoetsshouldfunctionaspreacherswhogavedirectionstothemass.b.Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennobleandserveasamoralpurificationandapassagetowardorganicunityandhigherreality.c.Emersonplacesemphasisonideas,symbolsandimaginativewords.d.Astotheme,EmersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericaandthelifetoday.e.EmersonsaestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliteratureingeneralandinAmericanpoetryinparticular.ItmarkedthebirthoftrueAmericanpoetryandtrueAmericapoetssuchasWhitmanandDickinson,-,17,exit,continue,Limitationsa.Emersonhadnosenseofevilandtoooptimisticabouthumannatureandthesociety.SomebodyoncecalledthiskindofoptimismTranscendentalfolly.b.Hisreputationfellinthe20thcentury,-,18,1)Hiscallforanindependentcultureinboth“Nature”and“TheAmericanScholar”playedaveryimportantpartintheintellectualhistoryofthenation.2)HecalledonAmericanwriterstowriteaboutAmericainawaypeculiarlyAmerican.3)HisimportanceintheintellectualhistoryofAmericaliesinthefactthatheembodiedanewnationsdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.,InfluenceonAmericanliterature,-,19,Nature,“Nature”hasbeencalled“theManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”andisgenerallyregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism;1)Manisdivine;ThespiritualandimmanentGodisoperativeinthesoulofman;2)Theindividual,notthecrowd,isthemostimportantofall.“theinfinitudeofman”人类发展无限论3)Thephysicalworldisvitalizedandevolutionary.NaturewasemblematicofGod.Inaword,“Natureisthesymbolofspirit”.,-,20,ReadingNature,Para1:Naturehasarestorative,comforting,purifyinginfluenceonMen.Para2:Natureissublime,respectable,kind,profoundandinspiring.Para3:ThedefinitionofNature.Para4/5:MenalwaysfeeldelightfulandyounginNature.Para6:Thepowerofdelightresidesinmenorinaharmonyofboth.,-,21,AGrainofSandWilliamBlake,Toseeaworldinagrainofsand,Andaheaveninawildflower,Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand,Andeternityinanhour.,一粒沙子从一粒沙子看到一个世界，从一朵野花看到一个天堂，把握在你手心里的就是无限，永恒也就消融于一个时辰。,-,22,HenryDavidThoreau(18171862)亨利.大卫.梭罗,HislifeHisworksCommentsonThoreauAppreciationofWaldenQuestionfordiscussion,-,23,Hislife,UnsuccessfulfamilybackgroundMotherdeterminedtosendhimtoHarvardDidntlikeuniversityHelpedhisfathertomakepencilsandranaprivateschoolMadefriendswithEmerson,usedhislibrary,andembracedhisideasWenttoliveonWaldenPondMovedbacktoConcord2yearslaterandwrotehisexperienceinWalden,-,24,Hisworks,“CivilDisobedience”or“APleaforJohnBrown”(Abolitionistleader废奴运动领袖)AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiversWalden/LifeintheWoodsTheMaineWoodsLetterstoVariousPerson,-,25,Walden,Waldenisnowconsideredoneofthebest-sellingbooksinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,anditscriticalreputationcontinuestogrowasmuchasitspopularacceptance.Inaddition,WaldenhaslongbeenastapleoftheAmericanliteraturecurriculumatuniversitiesintheU.S,-,26,Walden,1ItisagreatTranscendentalistworkthatcameoutoftheperiodunderdiscussion.2Itisafaithfulrecordofhisreflections.Hesawnatureasagenuinerestorativehealthyinfluenceonmansspiritualwell-being,andregardeditasasymbolofthespirit.3Itcanbemanythingsandcanbereadonmorethanonelevel.Itisabookonself-cultureandhumanperfectibility.Itisfullofideasexpressedtojostlehisneighborsouttotheirsmugcomplacency.4Regenerationbecameoneofitsmajorthematicconcernsanddecideditsstructuralframework.Thewholebookiswithintheframeofasingleyear,andprogressesthroughsummera