21.邹忌讽齐王纳谏

21.邹忌讽齐王纳谏,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,学习目标,了解战国策的有关文学常识；掌握课文中的文言实词、虚词意思和特殊的文言句式，在读懂课文的基础上理解主旨。（重点）欣赏邹忌的讽谏艺术；理解设喻说理的技巧；把握文章独特的结构方式。（难点）认识除弊纳谏在当时的积极作用和在今天的借鉴意义，学会婉言劝说。（重点）,作品简介,战国策，国别体史书，西汉末学者刘向加以汇编整理，按西周、东周、秦、齐、楚、赵、魏、韩、燕、宋、卫、中山十二国次序，编订为三十三篇。这部书主要记载战国时期谋臣策士在各国的政治活动和言论，反映了各国之间的政治、,军事、外交上的斗争。它不仅是研究战国历史的重要文献，也是先秦历史散文中一部优秀的文学作品。作品以独特的语言风格、雄辩的论说，铺张的叙事、尖刻的讽刺、耐人寻味的幽默，成为我国古代历史散文发展到一个新的高度的标志，对后世散文和辞赋的创作有重大影响。著名的寓言“画蛇添足”“亡羊补牢”“狡兔三窟”“狐假虎威”“南辕北辙”等就出自该书。,背景链接,春秋战国之际，七雄并立。在激烈动荡的时代，“士”作为一种最活跃的阶层出现在政治舞台上。他们以自己的才能和学识，游说于各国之间。他们提出一定的政治主张或斗争策略，为某些统治集团服务，并且往往利用当时错综复杂的斗争形势进行游说，施展着自己治国安邦的才干。各国统治者争相招揽人才，虚心纳谏，争取“士”的支持。邹忌讽齐王纳谏的故事就是在这个背景下发生的。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,字词学习,昳丽（）朝服衣冠（）窥镜（）暮寝（）谤讥（）间进（）期年（）皆朝于齐（）孰（）谏（）寡人（）,y,ku,jin,bnj,cho,zho,qn,j,sh,jin,u,修：昳丽：朝服衣冠：窥镜：熟与：,邹忌修八尺有余，而形貌昳丽。朝服衣冠，窥镜，谓其妻曰：“我孰与城北徐公美？”其妻曰：“君美甚，徐公何能及君也？”,长，这里指身高。,光艳美丽。,早晨穿戴好衣帽。,照镜子。,与相比怎么样，表示比较。,整体感知,不自信：旦日：不若：,不相信自己。,城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信，而复问其妾曰：“吾孰与徐公美？”妾曰：“徐公何能及君也？”旦日，客从外来，与坐谈，问之客曰：“吾与徐公孰美？”客曰：“徐公不若君之美也。”,第二天。,不如，比不上。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,明日徐公来，孰视之，自以为不如；窥镜而自视，又弗如远甚。暮寝而思之，曰：“吾妻之美我者，私我也；妾之美我者，畏我也；客之美我者，欲有求于我也。”,孰视之：弗如远甚：美我：私：,仔细地看他。孰，通“熟”，仔细。之，代指徐公。,远远不如。,动词，偏爱。,认为我美。美，认为美。,于是入朝见威王，曰：“臣诚知不如徐公美。臣之妻私臣，臣之妾畏臣，臣之客欲有求于臣，皆以美于徐公。,诚：皆以美于徐公：,的确，实在。,都认为（我）比徐公美。以，以为，认为。,今齐地方千里，百二十城，宫妇左右莫不私王，朝廷之臣莫不畏王，四境之内莫不有求于王：由此观之，王之蔽甚矣。”,地方：左右：莫：四境：蔽：,没有谁。,土地方圆。,君主左右近侍之臣。,全国。,蒙蔽，这里指所受的蒙蔽。,王曰：“善。”乃下令：“群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏；上书谏寡人者，受中赏；能谤讥于市朝，闻寡人之耳者，受下赏。”,面刺：寡人：谤讥：市朝：闻：,当面指责。,古代帝王、诸侯对自己的谦称。,这里指“议论”，没有贬意。,指集市、市场等公共场合。,“使听到”。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,令初下，群臣进谏，门庭若市；数月之后，时时而间进；期年之后，虽欲言，无可进者。燕、赵、韩、魏闻之，皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷。,门庭：时时：间进：朝于齐：战胜于朝廷：,在朝廷上取得胜利。意思是内政修明，不需用兵就能战胜敌国。,指宫廷。,偶尔进谏。间，间或、偶然。,常常，不时。,到齐国来朝见。,通假字,徐公来，孰视之,（“孰”通“熟”，仔细。）,邹忌修八尺有余,（“有”通“又”，连接整数和零数。）,邹忌讽齐王纳谏古义：讽谏，用含蓄的话委婉地规劝。今义：讽刺、嘲笑。邹忌修八尺有余古义：长，这里指身高。,古今异义,今义：修理。,明日徐公来古义：次日，第二天。,吾妻之美我者，私我也古义：动词，偏爱。今齐地方千里古义：土地方圆。,今义：将要到来的下一天。,今义：自私。,今义：名词，地点，处所。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,宫妇左右莫不私王古义：国君的近臣。今义：方位词，大致范围；或作动词，控制。,能谤讥于市朝古义：议论。面刺寡人之过者古义：指责。,今义：诽谤、讥讽。,今义：尖锐的东西扎入或穿透。,一词多义,入朝见威王皆朝于齐,（朝廷）,（间或、偶然）,（参与）,（朝见）,时时而间进又何间焉,吾妻之美我者徐公不若君之美也,（以为美）,（漂亮；好看）,受上赏上书谏寡人者,（上等）,（送上，进献）,我孰与城北徐公美？孰视之，自以为不如,（谁，哪一个）,（通“熟”，仔细）,词类活用,朝服衣冠吾妻之美我者群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者闻寡人之耳者,服，名词用做动词，穿戴。美，形容词意动用法，认为美。,面，名词做状语，当面。闻，动词的使动用法，使听到。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,文言句式,城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也,欲有求于我,忌不自信,与座谈,王之蔽甚矣,（者也，表判断）,（介词结构后置，“欲于我有求也”）,（宾语前置“忌不信自”）,（省略主语“邹忌”和宾语“客”）,（形容词用作名词，所受的蒙蔽）,课文精讲,1.针对邹忌“我孰与城北徐公美”的问题，妻、妾、客分别是怎样回答的，这样回答的原因是什么？,妻,妾,客,回答,原因,君美甚，徐公何能及君也,徐公何能及君也,徐公不若君之美也,私我,畏我,有求于我,2.面对妻、妾、客不同程度的赞美，邹忌从“不自信”到“暮寝而思之”，反映出他怎样的品质？,不盲目轻信，对别人的褒奖能理智判断、冷静思考，能正视自己。,3.邹忌认为“王之蔽甚矣”的原因是什么？请用自己的话简要概括。,因为齐王身边的人阿谀奉承（私王、畏王、有求于王），不可能听到真实的情况。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,4.邹忌讽谏齐王，用了逻辑中的类比推理方法，说说邹忌是怎样在讽谏中把家事、国事进行类比的？,妻私臣宫妇左右私王妾畏臣朝廷之臣畏王客求臣四境之内有求于王,以小见大,三问问其妻问其妾问其客,三答君美甚君也徐公何君也徐公不美也,三思私臣畏臣有求于臣,三比莫不私王莫不畏王莫不求王,三赏面刺，上赏上书，中赏谤讥，下赏,三变令初下，门庭若市数月后，时时间进期年后，无可进者,总结,5.齐威王下令后，进谏者由“门庭若市”到“时时而间进”再到“无可进者”，这种变化说明了什么？,齐王纳谏后，朝政的弊端越来越少。生动地反映了齐威王这一重大举措的正确性，也从侧面表现邹忌的精明能干。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,6.从这篇课文中，你得到了哪些启示？,角度,启示,妻妾客皆美邹忌,对讨好恭维的话要警惕,邹忌自知不如,人贵要有自知之明,齐王纳谏除蔽,广开言路才能富国安民,邹忌规劝齐王,谈话要讲究方法技巧,写作特色,1.结构精巧，层次清晰。本文结构奇巧，作品由日常生活小事“窥镜”写起，采用“三叠法”构思，即处处以“三”层叠加，组成排比，包括三问、三答、三思、三比、三赏、三变。这种结构上下关照，前呼后应，层次井然有序、疏密相间，层层推进，形成对称美。,2.精心剪裁，详略得当。从内容上看，全文可分为两部分：邹忌讽谏和齐威王纳谏。讽谏详写，特别是邹忌与城北徐公比美的情节，描写得绘声绘色且细致入微。齐威王纳谏略写，只是抓住了时间的变化，从“令初下”到“数月之后”，最后至“期年之后”，概括叙述了纳谏的结果。一详一略，有力地突出“讽”这一文章的中心。,3.喻事说理，委婉含蓄。进谏难，需要勇气和智慧；纳谏也难，需要气度和胸怀。文中写邹忌讽谏，以家事喻国事，以小事与国家大事相类比，将劝谏的意图隐藏于故事之中，入情入理，让对方在拉家常、听故事的过程中不自觉地就接受了观点，含蓄委婉，说服力和感染力更强。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才