romantic red red enhances men’s attraction to women：浪漫的红色增强男性对女性的吸引力

Romantic Red: Red Enhances Mens Attraction to Women,Andrew J. Elliot and Daniela NiestaUniversity of Rochester,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Summary by: Tiffany Harrison and Amanda LernorFor Dr. Mills Psyc310, Fall 2008,Introduction,Researchers hypothesize that the color red will lead men to perceive woman as being more physically attractive and more sexually desirable.The color red serves as an aphrodisiac for men.Carries meaning of sex and romance,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Red-Sex Link,Society,Symbolizes fertilityIn literature, it is associated with sexuality (e.g. The Scarlet Letter)Women wear red clothing and make up to represent passion and sexualityRed is the popular color of choice for Valentines Day,Biology,Some female primate species display a reddening of the genitals when nearing ovulationIncreased estrogen levels enhances vascular blood flowMale primates are attracted to the red color that females exhibit,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Red-Sex Link cont.,Women nearing ovulation tend to wear less clothing, leaving more skin visibleWomen in the middle of their ovulation cycle are more sexually interested as well as sexually arousedIn addition, women tend to blush more when they are sexually aroused, resulting in the reddening of the skinRed carries a sexual meaning whether it is naturally or artificially displayed on a womans body,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Appetitive Evaluation,Perceived physical attractiveness:Refers to a positive judgment regarding the targets physical appearanceSexual attraction:Refers to a felt desire to become romantically involved with the targetThese two aspects were used to examine the influence of the color red in each experiment.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Overview of Experiments,Experiment 1:Males were presented with a black and white photo of an averagely attractive woman on either a white or red background Experiment 2:Same as Exp. 1 with women includedExperiments 3-5:Influence of red was compared to a variety of other colors using same method as Exp. 1In all experiments, men were assessed to determine whether they were aware of the influence of red on their perceptions.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Experiment 1,ParticipantsSample: 27 male undergraduatesMean age: 20.52 years (SD=1.83)Majority of participants were CaucasianProcedureMen had 5s to look at the picture followed by a questionnaire which consisted of questions that assessed how attractive the participants found the woman to be. ResultsThere was a main effect for color such that men in the red condition perceived woman to be more attractive than did men in the white condition.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Experiment 2,ParticipantsSample: 63 (31 males, 32 females) undergraduatesMean age: 19.27 years (SD=1.79)Majority of participants were CaucasianProcedureSame as Exp. 1 except participants were informed that the experiment was looking at how people form impressions of othersResultsMen perceived the target women to be more attractive when associated with red relative to white; this effect was not present for women.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Experiment 3,ParticipantsSample: 37 male undergraduatesMean age: 20.00 years (SD=1.70)Majority of participants were CaucasianProcedureSame as Exp. 1, except a gray background was substituted for the white background and perceived likeability was measured in addition to perceived attractiveness and sexual attractionResultsMen in the red condition found the woman to be more attractive and sexually desirable but it did not effect overall likeability.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Experiment 4,ParticipantsSample: 31 male undergraduatesMean age: 19.97 years (SD=1.22)Majority of participants were CaucasianProcedureSame as Exp. 1, except a green background was substituted for the white background and perceived kindness and intelligence was measured in addition to perceived attractiveness and sexual attractionResultsMen in the red condition found the woman to be more attractive and sexually desirable but it did not effect perceived kindness and intelligence.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Experiment 5,ParticipantsSample: 23 male undergraduatesMean age: 19.77 years (SD=1.34)Majority of participants were CaucasianProcedureColor presentation was transferred to the target womans shirt using the color red compared to the color blueWillingness to date and spend money on a date with the target was measured in addition to perceived attractiveness and sexual attractionResultsMen who viewed a woman in a red shirt perceived her to be more attractive, were more sexually attracted to her, and indicated a greater likelihood of asking her on a date and spending money on a date with her.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.,Critical Review,Interesting Facts:Women tend to wear less clothing when they are near ovulation.Men would spend more money on a woman just because she is wearing a red item of clothing.Given that color is part of everyday stimuli, it is surprising how little research has been conducted on color in the psychological field.Dislikes:They only showed female photos even in Exp. 2, when women were included.The study could have included a broader spectrum of ages among men.One thing the researchers were unsure of would be if the red effect would have the same impact for highly attractive women, as a ceiling effect could exist, where nothing else would be needed to induce maximum male attraction.,Elliot, A., & Niesta, D. (2008 November). Romantic red: Red enhances mens attraction to women. Journal of Perso