国际贸易术语-C组术语详解ppt课件

1,ThedetailedexplanationofEtermsThedetailedexplanationofFtermsThedetailedexplanationofCtermsThedetailedexplanationofDterms,2,Exworksmeansthesellersonlyresponsibilityistomakethegoodsavailableatthesellerspremises,i.e.factory.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforloadingthegoodsonthevehicleprovidedbythebuyerunlessotherwiseagreed.,3,Thebuyerbearsthefullcostsandriskinvolvedincollectingthegoodsfromtheretothedesireddestination.Exworksrepresentstheminimumobligationoftheseller.,4,TheEtermistheterminwhichthesellersobligationisatitsminimum:thesellerhastodonomorethanplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheagreedplaceusuallyatthesellersownpremises.,5,Ontheotherhand,asamatterofpracticalreality,thesellerwouldfrequentlyassistthebuyerinloadingthegoodsonthelatterscollectingvehicle.,6,AlthoughEXWwouldbetterreflectthisifthesellersobligationsweretobeextendedsoastoincludeloading,itwasthoughtdesirabletoretainthetraditionalprincipleofthesellersminimumobligationunderEXWsothatitmildheusedforcaseswherethesellerdoesnotwishtoassumeanyobligationwhatsoeverwithrespecttotheloadingofthegoods.,7,Ifthebuyerwantsthesellertodomore,thisshouldhemadeclearinthecontractofsale.返回,8,IntroductionFOBFASFCA,9,TheFtermrequirethesellertodeliverthegoodsforcarriageasinstructedbythebuyer.,10,ThepointatwhichthepartiesintenddeliverytooccurintheFCAtermhascauseddifficultybecauseofthewidevarietyofcircumstanceswhichmaysurroundcontractscoveredbythisterm.,11,Thistermhasbeendesignedtomeettherequirementsofmultimodaltransport,suchascontainerorroll-on,roll-offtrafficbytrailersandferries.,12,Ifnopreciseplacecanbenamedatthetimeofthecontractofsale,thepartiesshouldrefertotheplacewherethecarriershouldtakethegoodsintoitscharge.,13,Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromsellertobuyeratthattimeandnotattheshipsrail.,14,Thetermcarriermeansanypersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriagebyroad,rail,air,sea,oracombinationofmodeshasbeenmade.Whenasellerhasbeenfurnishedabilloflading,waybillorcarriersreceipt,thesellerdulyfulfillsitsobligationbypresentingsuchadocumentissuedbyacarrier.,15,Incoterms2000takeamountofthesealternativesbystipulatingthat,whentheplacenamedinthecontractastheplacedofdeliveryisthesellerspremises,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareloadedonthebuyerscollectingvehicleand,inothercases,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyernotunloadedfromthesellersvehicle.,16,It（FCA）isbasedonthesamenameprincipleasF.O.B.(freeonboard),exceptthatthesellerfulfillsitsobligationswhenthegoodsaredeliveredtothecustodyofthecarrieratthenamedplace.返回,17,FOBFREEONBOARD(.namedportofshipment)UnderF.O.B.thegoodsareplacedonboardtheshipbythesellerataportofshipmentnamedinthesalesagreement.,18,Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheshipsrail(i.e.,offthedockandplacedontheship).Thesellerpaysthecostofloadingthegoods.,19,ThenotionunderFOBtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrailnowadaysmayseeminappropriateinmanycases,itisneverthelessunderstoodbymerchantsandappliedinamannerwhichtakes,20,Unfortunately,thewordFOBisusedbysomemerchantsmerelytoindicateanypointofdeliverysuchasFOBfactory,FOBplant,FOBExsellersworksorotherinlandpointstherebyneglectingwhattheabbreviationmeans:FreeOnBoard.,21,ItremainsthecasethatsuchuseofFOBtendstocreateconfusionandshouldbeavoided.返回,22,FASFREEALONGSIDESHIP(.namedportofshipment)F.A.S.orfreealongsideshiprequiresthesellertodeliverthegoodsalongsidetheshiponthequay.,23,Fromthatpointon,thebuyerbearsallcostsandrisksoflossanddamagetothegoods.UnlikeF.O.B.,F.A.S.requiresthebuyertoclearthegoodsforexportandpaythecostofloadingthegoods.,24,ThereisanimportantchangeofFASrelatingtotheobligationtoclearthegoodsforexport,sinceitappearstobethemostcommonpracticetoputthisdutyonthesellerratherthanonthebuyer.返回,25,CIFCIPInsurance小结返回,26,Cost,InsuranceandFreightmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheshipsrailintheportofshipment.,27,CIFCOST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT(.namedportofdestination)CIFisCFRwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerprocuretransportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetogoods.Thesellermustcontractwiththeinsurerandpaytheinsurancepremium.,28,ThesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationBUTtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery，,29,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.However,inCIFtheselleralsohastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyersriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,30,Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.,31,Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.,32,TheCIFtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrail,theCIPtermshouldbeused.返回,33,CIPCARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO(.namedplaceofdestination)Thistermisthesameasfreight/carriagepaidto(CPT)butwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerhastoprocuretransportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,34,Thesellercontractswiththeinsurerandpaystheinsurancepremium.返回,35,TheC-termsrequirethesellertocontractforcarriageonusualtermsathisownexpense.Therefore,apointuptowhichhewouldhavetopaytransportcostsmustnecessarilybeindicatedaftertherespectiveC-term.,36,UndertheCIFandCIPtermstheselleralsohastotakeoutinsuranceandbeartheinsurancecost.Sincethepointforthedivisionofcostsisfixedatapointinthecountryofdestination,theC-termsarefrequentlymistakenlybelievedtobearrivalcontracts,inwhichthesellerwouldbearallrisksandcostsuntilthegoodshaveactuallyarrivedattheagreedpoint.,37,However,itmustbestressedthattheC-termsareofthesamenatureastheF-termsinthatthesellerfulfilsthecontractinthecountryofshipmentordispatch.,38,Thus,thecontractsofsaleundertheC-terms,likethecontractsundertheF-terms,fallwithinthecategoryofshipmentcontracts.,39,Itisinthenatureofshipmentcontractsthat,whilethesellerisboundtopaythenormaltransportcostforthecarriageofthegoodsbyausualrouteandinacustomarymannertotheagreedplace,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasadditionalcostsresultingfromeventsoccurringafterthegoodshavingbeenappropriatelydeliveredforcarriage,falluponthebuyer.,40,ItisoftheveryessenceoftheC-termsthatthesellerisrelievedofanyfurtherriskandcostafterhehasdulyfulfilledhiscontractbycontractingforcarriageandhandingoverthegoodstothecarrierandbyprovidingforinsuranceundertheCIF-andCIP-terms。,41,Theessentialnatureofthe“C”-termsasshipmentcontractsisalsoillustratedbythecommonuseofdocumentarycreditsasthepreferredmodeofpaymentusedinsuchterms.Whereitisagreedbythepartiestothesalecontractthatthesellerwillbepaidbypresentingtheagreedshippingdocumentstoabankunderadocumentarycredit,42,Ofcourse,thesellerwouldhavetobearthecostofthecontractofcarriageirrespectiveofwhetherfreightispre-paiduponshipmentorispayableatdestination(freightcollect);,43,however,additionalcostswhichmayresultfromeventsoccurringsubsequenttoshipmentanddispatcharenecessarilyfortheaccountofthebuyer.,44,Ithappensquiteoftenthatthepartiestothecontractofsalewishtoclarifytheextenttowhichthesellershouldprocureacontractofcarriageincludingthecostsofdischarge.Since,45,suchcostsarenormallycoveredbythefreightwhenthegoodsarecarriedbyregularshippinglines,thecontractofsalewillfrequentlystipulatethatthegoodsaretobesocarriedoratleastthattheyaretobecarriedunderlinerterms.,46,Inothercases,thewordlandedisaddedafterCFRorCIF.However,itisadvisablenottouseabbreviationsaddedtotheC-termsunless,intherelevanttrade,themeaningoftheabbreviationsisclearlyunderstoodandacceptedbythecontractingpartiesorunderanyapplicablelaworcustomofthetrade.,47,Inparticular,thesellershouldnotandindeedcouldnot,withoutchangingtheverynatureoftheC-terms-undertakeanyobligationwithrespecttothearrivalofthegoodsatdestination,48,sincetheriskofanydelayduringthecarriageisbornebythebuyer.Thus,anyobligationwithrespecttotimemustnecessarilyrefertotheplaceofshipmentordispatch,49,Forexample,shipment(dispatch)notlaterthan.Anagreementforexample,CFRHamburgnotlaterthan.isreallyamisnomerandthusopentodifferentpossibleinterpretations.,50,ThepartiescouldbetakentohavemeanteitherthatthegoodsmustactuallyarriveatHamburgatthespecifieddate,inwhichcasethecontractisnotashipmentcontractbutanarrivalcontractor,alternatively,thatthesellermustshipthegoodsatsuchatimethattheywouldnormallyarriveatHamburgbeforethespecifieddateunlessthecarriagewouldhavebeendelayedbecauseofunforeseenevents,51,Inpractice,thepartiesfrequentlycontinuetousethetraditionalexpressionC&F(orCandF,C+F).Nevertheless,inmostcasesitwouldappearthattheyregardtheseexpressionsasequivalenttoCFR.,52,AlthoughtheIncotermsseektoensurethatthesellerprovidesthebuyerwithproofofdelivery,itshouldbestressedthatthesellerfulfilsthatrequirementwhenheprovidestheusualproof.,53,UnderCPTandCIPitwouldbetheusualtransportdocumentandunderCFRandCIFabillofladingoraseawaybill.,54,Thetransportdocumentsmustbeclean,meaningthattheymustnotcontainclausesornotationsexpresslydeclaringadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.Ifsuchclausesornotationsappearinthedocument,itisregardedasuncleanandwouldthennotbeacceptedbybanksindocumentarycredittransactions.,55,However,itshouldbenotedthatatransportdocumentevenwithoutsuchclausesornotationswouldusuallynotprovidethebuyerwithincontrovertibleproofasagainstthecarrierthatthegoodswereshippedinconformitywiththestipulationsofthecontractofsale.,56,InordertoavoiddifficultiesofinterpretingtheircontractthepartiesshouldusethecorrectIncotermwhichisCFR,theonlyworld-wide-acceptedstandardabbreviationforthetermCostandFreight(.namedportofdestination)“返回,57,insurance,Thereareonlytwotermswhichdealwithinsurance,namelyCIFandCIP.Underthesetermsthesellerisobligedtoprocureinsuranceforthebenefitofthebuyer.,58,SinceinthesaleofcommoditiesundertheCIFtermthebuyermaywishtosellthegoodsintransittoasubsequentbuyerwhointurnmaywishtoresellthegoodsagain,itisimpossibletoknowtheinsurancecoversuitabletosuchsubsequentbuyersand,therefore,theminimumcoverunderCIFhastraditionallybeenchosenwiththepossibilityforthebuyertorequirethesellertotakeoutadditionalinsurance.,59,ItisparticularlyimportantfortheCIP-buyertoobservethis:shouldadditionalcoverberequired,heshouldagreewiththesellerthatthelattercouldtakeoutadditionalinsuranceor,alternatively,arrangeforextendedinsurancecoverhimself.,60,Therearealsoparticularinstanceswherethebuyermaywishtoobtainevenmoreprotectionthanisavailable,61,Ifhewishesthesellertoarrangesuchinsurancehemustinstructhimaccordinglyinwhichcasethesellerwouldhavetoprovidesuchinsuranceifprocurable.返回,62,DtermsIntroductionsDAFDESDEQDDUDDP小结返回,63,TheDtermsaredifferentinnaturefromtheCterms,sincetheselleraccordingtotheDtermsisresponsibleforthearrivalofthegoodsattheagreedplaceorpointofdestinationattheborderorwithinthecountryofimport.,64,Thesellermustbearallrisksandcostsinbringingthegoodsthereto.Hence,theDtermssignifyarrivalcontracts,whiletheCtermsevidencedeparture(shipment)contracts.返回,65,DAFDELIVEREDATFRONTIER(.namedplace)Deliveredatfrontiermeansthatthesellersobligationsarefulfilledwhenthegoodshavearrivedatthefrontierbutbeforethecustomsborderofthecountrynamedinthesalescontract.,66,Thetermisprimarilyusedwhengoodsarecarriedbyrailortruck.Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskindeliveringthegoodsuptothispoint,butthebuyermustarrangeandpayforthegoodstoclearcustoms.返回,67,DESDELIVEREDEXSHIP(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellershallmakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronboardtheshipattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,68,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthere.Thecostofunloadingthegoodsandanycustomsdutiesmustbepaidbythebuyer.返回,69,DEQDELIVEREDEXQUAY(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellerhasagreedtomakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronthequayorwharfattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,70,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandrisksindeliveringthegoodstothatpointincludingunloading.返回,71,DDUDELIVEREDDUTYUNPAID(.namedplaceofd