Lexical词汇学讲义

Lexicology,Studyofwords:etymologyofwords,wordformation,idioms,morphologicalstructureofwords,degenerationofwordsandelevationofwords,senserelationofwords,etc,PurposesoftheCourse,-learnsomeknowledgeoflexicology-enlargevocabulary,HowtoAssess,10%wordtest10%classperformance80%final,I.AGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabulary,Whatsaword?Definitionofaword:Aristotle:awordisthesmallestsignificantunitofspeech(Morphemeisthesmallest).Bloomfield:awordisaminimumfreeform.Happy(freeform)ment(boundform粘着)Awordisacombinationofform(phonological)andmeaning(lexicalandgrammatical).,word,Inaddition,awordactsasastructuralunitofasentence.Theyoungmanleftgrammatical,lexical,phonologicalmeaning,ThedevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary,HistoryofEnglishVocabulary:Before450:Celticusedby750millionpeople;halfpublishingmaterialsinEnglish;80%storedinformationincomputerisinEnglish;OxfordEnglishDictionary1928:414829words;in19895000000Shakespeare:24000;Milton:16000;Churchill:90000:T.S.Elliot:100000;TheBible:5469,EnglishVocabulary,1000basicEnglishwords:80.5%understandable;4000:95%;5000:97%EducatedEnglish:25000wordsMostfrequentlyusedwords:the,and,a,be,have,it,for,as,I,etc;verbs:saydogomakeseefindusethinktakecomegetstateknowgiveseemVocab:4levels:speakingvocab;writingvocab;readingvocab;guessvocab-thefirsttwobelongtotheactivevocabandthelasttwopassivevocab,Basicwords,100EnglishbasicwordsmostoftenusedareallfromnativeEnglishnativeFrenchLatinothers1000words:83%11%2%4%2000words:34%46%11%9%3000words:29%46%14%11%4000words:27%45%17%11%5000words:27%47%17%9%,Basicwords,80%loanwords,but70-90%mostoftenusedwordsarenativewords:Milton-81%,Tennyson-88%,Shakespeare-90%,KingJamesBible-94%Mostoftenusedwords:and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you,basicwords,wordsdenotingthecommonestthingsnecessaryforlife,naturalphenomena,divisionsoftheyear,partsofthebody,animals,foodstuffs,trees,fruits,etc.aux.modalverbs,pronoun,numerals,prep.conj.Thoughsmallinnumber,theyplaynosmallpartAnglo-Saxon,nativewords,C.K.Ogdens850Basicwords,Operationsetc100:comegetgivegokeepletmakeputseemtakebedohavesaysendmaywillaboutacrossafteragainstamongatbeforebetweenbydownfrominoffonoverthroughtounderupwithasforoftillthanatheallanyeverynoothersomesuchthatthisIheyouwhoandbecausebutorifthoughwhilehowwhenwherewhyagaineverfarforwardherenearnooutstillthentheretogetherwellalmostenoughevenlittlemuchnotonlyquitesoverytomorrowyesterdaynorthsoutheastwestpleaseyes,2,Things400General:accountactadditionadjustmentadvertisementagreementairamountamusementanimalanswerapparatusapprovalargumentattackattemptattentionattractionauthoritybackbalancebasebehaviorbeliefbirthbitbitebloodblowbodybrassbreadbreathbrotherbuildingburnburstbusinessbuttercanvascarecausechalkchancechangeclothcoalcolorcomfortcommitteecompanycomparisoncompetition,3,conditionconnectioncontrolcookcoppercopycorkcottoncoughcountrycovercrackcreditcrimecrushcrycurrentcurvedamagedangerdaughterdaydeathdebtdecisiondegreedesigndesiredestructiondetaildevelopmentdigestiondirectiondiscoverydiscussiondiseasedisgustdistancedistributiondivisiondoubtdrinkdustearthedgeeducationeffectenderroreventexampleexchangeexistenceexpansionexperienceexpertfactfallfamily,4,fatherfearfeelingfictionfieldfightfireflameflightflowerfoldfoodforceformfriendfrontfruitglassgoldgovernmentgraingrassgripgroupgrowthguideharborharmonyhatehearingheathelphistoryholehopehourhumoriceideaimpulseincreaseindustryinkinsectinstrumentinsuranceinterestinventionironjellyjoinjourneyjudgejumpkickkissknowledgelandlanguagelaughlawlead,5,learningleatherletterlevelliftlightlimitlinenliquidlistlooklosslovemachinemanmanagemarkmarketmassmealmeasuremeatmeetingmemorymetalmiddlemilkmindmineminutemistmoneymonthmorningmothermotionmountainmovemusicnamenationneednewsnightnoisenotenumberobservationofferoiloperationoptionorder,6,organizationornamentownerpagepainpaintpaperpartpastepaymentpeacepersonplaceplantplaypleasurepointpoisonpolishporterpriceprintprocessproduceprofitpropertyproseprotestpullpunishmentpurposepushqualityquestionrainrangeraterayreactionreadingreasonrecordregretrelationreligionrepresentativerequestrespectrestregardrhythmriceriverroadrollroom,7,rubrulerunslatsandscalescienceseaseatsecretaryselectionselfsenseservantsexshadeshakeshameshocksidesignsilksistersizeskysleepslipslopesmashsmellsmilesmokesneezesnowsoapsocietysonsongsortsoundsoupspacestagestartstatementseamsteelstepstitchstonestopstorystretchstructuresubstancesugarsuggestionsummersupportsurpriseswimsystemtalktaste,8,taxteachingtendencytesttheorythingthoughtthundertimetintoptouchtradetransporttricktroubleturntwistunitusevalueversevesselviewvoicewalkwarwashwastewaterwavewaxwayweatherweekweightwindwinewinterwomanwoodwoolwordworkwoundwritingyear,9,200Picturable:angleantapplearcharmbabybagballbandbasinbasketbathbedbeebellberrybirdbladeboardboatbonebookbootbottleboxboybrainbrakebranchbrickbridgebrushbucketbulbbuttoncakecameracardcarriagecartcatchaincheesechestchinchurchcircleclockcloudcoatcollarcombcordcowcupcurtaincushiondogdoordraindrawerdressdropeareggengine,10,eyefacefarmfeatherfingerfishflagfloorflyfootforkfowlframegardengirlglovegoatgunhairhammerhandhatheadhearthookhornhorsehospitalhouseislandjewelkettlekeykneeknifeknotleafleglibrarylineliplockmapmatchmonkeymoonmouthmusclenailneckneedlenervenetnosenutofficeorangeploughpocketpotpotatoprisonpumprailratreceiptringrodroofroot,11,sailschoolscissorsscrewseedsheepshelfshipshirtshoeskinskirtsnakesockspadespongespoonspringsquarestampstarstationstemstickstockingstomachstorestreetsuntabletailthreadthroatthumbtickettoetonguetoothtowntraintraytreetrousersumbrellawallwatchwheelwhipwhistlewindowwingwireworm,12,Qualities100General:ableacidangryautomaticbeautifulblackboilingbrightbrokenbrowncheapchemicalchiefcleanclearcommoncomplexconsciouscutdeepdependentearlyelasticelectricequalfattextilefirstfixedflatfreefrequentfullgeneralfoodgreatgreyhanginghappyhardhighhollowimportantkindlikelivinglongmalemarriedmaterialmedicalmilitarynatural,13,necessarynewnormalopenparallelpastphysicalpoliticalpoorpossiblepresentprivateprobablequickquietreadyredregularresponsiblerightroundsamesecondseparateserioussharpsmoothstickystiffstraightstrongsuddensweettallthicktighttiredtrueviolentwaitingwarmwetwidewiseyellowyoung,14,50Opposites:awakebadbendbitterbluecertaincoldcompletecrueldarkdeaddeardelicatedifferentdirtydryfalsefeeblefemalefoolishfuturegreenilllastlateleftlooseloudlowmixednarrowoldoppositepublicroughsadsafesecretshortshutsimpleslowsmallsoftsolidspecialstrangethinwhitewrong,Wordstoremember,hedge树篱premier,prestige威望,elite精华,fianceeregime,corps特种部队,manoeuvre,espionage,critique文艺批评,nuance细致差别,brochure,liquor,etiquette,coup军事政变retreat,garrison卫戍部队,combat,skirmish小规模战斗,siege包围,ambush埋伏,Wordstoremember,attire服装,cloak斗篷,embroidery,plume羽毛,equity公平,plea抗辩,suit诉讼,plaintiff原告,defendant被告,advocate辩护者,attorney律师,petition请愿,summons传票,verdict裁决,decree判决,award裁决书,forfeit没收,authority,sovereign君主,tyrant专制统治,treaty,alliance,subsidy,revenue税收,II.MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords,Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Onemorpheme:cat,logormorethanone:unlovely-un,love,lyMorphemeistheminimalsignificantelementandthesmallestunitofgrammaticalanalysis,eg,s-plural,ment-nounform,ed-pasttenseMorphemes:smallestmeaningfullinguisticunit,notdivisibleintosmallerforms:de-nation-al-iz-ation:grammaticalmeaningadj.+n;ad.+n;n+-ing;n+v;v+o;v+addaydreaming,sightseeing=seesight,house-keeping,dressmaking,peace-lovingheartbeat,headache,knee-deep,shoulder-highbirth-control,weather-beaten,look-and-see,Wordformation,2)derivation:addingaprefixorsuffix,orbothtothebasePrefixation:un,anti,inter,post,pre,be,de,en,mis,mal,dis,pseudo,a,non,in,arch,super,out,sub,over,under,hyper,ultra,mini,co,counter,pro,trans,pre,ex,uni,mono,bi/di,tri,multi,poly,neo,pan,proto,semi,vicebe:belittle,becalmde:deformdecreaseen:enlighten,endanger,prefixes,a-not,without:anonymous,anechoic,anharmonic,asocial,aperiodic,ahistorical,apathy,atheism,acentric,apolitical,abnormal,abuse,abstain戒，弃权be-about,completely,make:befall,beset,besiege,bestir,bedevil,befriend,belittle,benumb,2,bi-two:bicycle,bigamy,bilateral,biannual,biform,bifocal,bicorn,bipeddedown,away,undo:decline,decrease,debar,detract,decentralize,decompose,demobilize,declass,degrade,debark,derail,deforest,dethrone,deflower,demilitarize,descend,detrain,debus,dewater,defat,desalt,dewax,de-Americanize,3,co-col,con,cor:with,together:collide(lid:strike),concentrate,conform,connect(nect:tie),erate,cohere(her:stick)coexist,co-owner,co-ed,constructioninin,into:include,induce,inflate,inhabit,inject,inspect,import,immigrate,involve,inhale,Wordformation,Suffixation:ish,hood,ess,ness,able,ize,er,ship,dom,ee,en,ify,ful,less,ous,ic,ward,in,y,wardafterwards,backward,homeward,eastward,inward,outward,upward,seawardyfullof,somewhat:stony,salty,wordy,bluey,nosey,haughty,baggy,faulty,handy,mighty,Wordformation,3)conversion:usingaformthatrepresentsonepartofspeechasanotherpartofspeechwithoutchangingtheformoftheword.gleam:Thelightsgleaminthenight/Icanseethegleaminthenight.doubt,disgust,polish,give,cry,cure,buy,words,Allureaccreditaffrontaffirmafforestallocateannihilateannotateadjunctaccordannexadjacentadhereaddictalleviateaggravatevisualvisionrevoltrevolvervoluble（口若悬河）,words,nosey,haughty,baggy,faulty,handy,mightyconform,coincidebigamy,bilateralanonymous,asocial,apathy,atheism,abnormal,abuse,abstainbelittleinduce,inject,inspect,immigrate,inhalederail,Latinsadisdown;happyishigh;sadislowHisspiritswentupMoreisup;lessisdown;moreishigh;lessislowHotisup;coldisdown;,Maintypesofwordmeaning,Grammaticalmeaning:functionofawordLexicalmeaning:denotativemeaningandconnotativemeaning,socialmeaningandaffectivemeaning1)denotativemeaning:conceptualmeaning:relationshipbetweenalinguisticunitandthenonlinguisticentitiestowhichitrefers,Lexicalmeaning,2)connotativemeaning:emotionalassociationmother:love,care,tenderwhite:pure;black,red,3)socialorstylisticmeaning:oratorical/frozen;deliberate/formal;consultative;casual;intimate,Lexicalmeaning,4)affectivemeaning:concernedwiththeexpressionoffeelingsandattitudes:derogativemeaningandappreciatorymeaning.Slender/skinny;statesman/politician;Confidence/complacency;fat/obese,Componentialanalysis（语义成分分析）cut:32Candidate:maninwhitePen:featherhead,power,board(p176)Homonymy:pronouncedalikeLie,page,base,meet,lead,sow,tear,StylisticValueofPolysemyandHomonymy,Pun:Howisbreadmade?-Youtakesomeflour-Wheredoyoupicktheflower?-itsground.-Howmanyacresofground?Idolookniceinthepicture,dontI?-theanswerliesinthenegativeOnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou.Sole,soul,Doyouknowwhathappenstoliarswhentheydie?Yes,sir,theyliestill.Ifyoudontlearnacraftwhenyoureyoung,youllhavetoearnyourlivingbycraftwhenyougrowup.Whyshouldamannevertellhissecretsinacornfield?Becauseithassomanyears.,7days,without7-up,makesoneweakRomeo:Askformetomorrow,Andyoushallfindmeagraveman.Ambiguity:Areyouengaged?,homonym,homonymy:samephonologicalorspellingforms,butdifferentinmeaning:Wind/windai,lead/leade,air/heir,sea/see/,ore/oar,cent/scent,round,match,VII.Senserelationsbetweenwords,Synonymy:differinginsoundbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaninghead/chief/boss/leader;anger/rage/fury/indig.aptitude/talent;small/tiny;refuse/reject/decline.P196Languageislikedress.Wevaryourdresstosuittheoccasion.Collocation:p199,synonyms,Dale/valley;deed/action;foe/enemyp201,202objectto/opposesynonymy:samemeaning.Englishisparticularrichinsynonymsforhistoricalreasons:fromAnglo-SaxonontheonehandandFrench,Latin,GreekontheotherBrotherly/fraternal;bodily/corporal;homely/domestic;house/mansonRise/mount(Fr)/ascend(Latin),time/age/epoch,synonym,Fast/firm(Fr)/secure(L),kingly/royal(Fr)/regal(L)Fire/flame/,antonymy,Antonymy:oppositenessofmeaningContraries:wide/narrow,old/young,big/smallcomplementaries:binarysemanticcontrastwhichadmitsnogradabilitybetweentheitems:male/female,boy/girl,single/married,Binaryantonyms/complementaries:Alive/dead,true/false,Gradableantonyms:hotwarmcoolcold.hot.warm.tepidlukewarm.cool.coldExcellent,good,bad,terrible/wet,moist,damp,dry,antonym,Loveattachmentlikingindifference-antipathyhateSapirhandledcontrarytermsintermsofgradability:beautiful-prettygood-looking-plain-uglyConversives/relationalopposite:sell/buy,give-receive,above/below,debtor/creditor,parent/child,come/go,Useofantonyms,Stylisticeffect:CharlesDickens,ATaleofTwoCities:Itwasthebesttimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheageofincredulity,itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheepochofdarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehaveeverythinginbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,Livingdeath,visibledarkness,avictoriousdefeat,acleverfool,audiblestillness,painfulpleasure,opensecret,bittersweet,O.Henry:Idespiseitsveryvastnessandpower.Ihasthepoorestmillionaires,thelittlegreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers.,Antonyms:Accept,famous,forbid,frugal,guilty,innocent,maximum,minimum,motion,obscure,permit,reject,rest,wastefulChoosetheonlywordthatisntasynonymoftheunderlinedword:1.Asupplementarygrantmaybeawardedatthediscretionofthecommittee.A.dictionaryB.additionalC.complementaryD.extra,2.ItistrueduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnatureA.dangerousB.dapperC.hazardD.precarious3.HeworkedhimselfupintoafrenzybeforehisgraduationexamsA.furyB.fancyC.rageD.agitation,Hyponym,taxonomy,Thesuperordinateandthehyponym:hyponymyreferstotherelationshipbetweengeneralandspecificlexicalitems.Genus:aclassofthingsmadeupoftwoormoresubordinateclassesorspecies:genus-species-Inbioliogy:kingdom界,phylum门,class纲,order目,family科,genus属,species种,variety变种RelationofinclusionFlower-tulip,rose,Animal-lion,elephant,monkey,hyponym,Instrument-flute,saxophone,clarinet,trumpetFurniture-chair,tableColor:blue,yellow,Kinship:mother,fatherPleasurableemotions:joy,happiness,gaiety,enjoyment,Baby,child,manwomanRose,tulip,peachblossomcarnation康乃馨CurriculumColour,mattermeat,Food:meat(pork,beef)/vegetable(turnip,carrot)/cereal(bread,cake,cornflakes)Affection:Taxonomy:atypeofHorseisatypeofanimal,Semanticfield,green,blue,red,roseFather,mother,son,Finals,I.Explainthefollowingtermwithexamples(25%)Morpheme,allmorph,word,root,stem,base,initialism,acronym,blend,back-formation,phoneticmotivation(onomatopoeia),polysemy,perfecthomonym,homophone,homograph,synonym,antonym:contraries,complementaries,conversives,hyponym,II.Multiplechoice25%III.Matching15%IV.Antonym5%V.synonym5%VI.hyponym5%VII.Givethecoremeaningordenotativemeaningofthefollowinggroupofwords10%VIIIWritedownthesemanticfeaturesofthefollowingwordsaccordingtofeaturesgiven5%IX.Drawahyponymtreetoillustratethefollowingwords5%,Dividethefollowinginto4groups,andgivetheirsuperordinateterms:Bark,boat,drum,harp,lute,microscope,mirror,destroyer,cruiser,piano,rectangle,rhomboid,rhombus（菱形）,ship,spectacles,spectroscope,square,telescope,trapezium,violin,Pointoutwhichishyponym,whichissuperordinateterms:1.Bic,biro,fountainpen2.stationwagon,car,convertible,vehicle,busvan3.Shrub,tree,plant,poppy,rhododendron,flower,marigold,4.steal,borrow,embezzle,get,burgle,buy5.Sing,speak,croon,chat,vocalise,yodel6.denim,worsted,cotton,muslin,fabric,tweed,wool7.amble,run,sprint,locomote,stroll,jog,walk,VIII.MeaningandContext,Twotypesofcontexts:linguisticandextra-linguisticContextdetermineswordmeaning,IX.ChangesinwordMeaning,Typesofsemanticchange1.Generalization(extensionofmeaning):mostwordsbeginasspecificnamesofthings,butwiththepassageoftime,themeaningofthewordisextended,generalized.eg:picture-painted-drawing-photograph-cinema-TVLady:hostess-noblewife-gracefulwoman-womanScene:tent-stage-allsceneryScenario:theplotofanopera-wholesituation,2.specialization(restrictionofmeaning):shrinkingofmeaningDeer:wildanimal-deerShakespeare“KingLear”:RatsandmiceandsuchsmalldeerHavebeenTomsfoodforsevenlongdaysDisease:notatease-illnessFowl:allkindsofbird-domesticbird,Undertaker:undertake-funeralBusy-ness:busy-commercialdealingsLiquor:liquid-ardentspiritGarage:storeroomforanythingforcar,specialization,Pill-ageneralcategoryofsmallmedicinalball-birthcontrolpillFowl-anykindofbird-largeediblebirds-domesticbirdssuchashen3.elevation:Whenthemeaningnarrowstowardamorefavorablemeaning,itiscalledelevationoramelioration.Eg:naughty-wicked-mildmischeif,elevation,Praise-evaluate-speakhighlyofsthFame-report-goodreputationSuccess-result,outcome-favorableresultAmbassador-messengerMinister-servantKnight-boy-servant-militaryservantorfollowerofakingornobleman-memberofthelowernobility,degeneration,4.degeneration:Whent