Contrastive Analysis语言学中的对比分析ppt课件

ContrastiveAnalysis,GroupMember：.,Outline,WhatisContrastiveAnalysis/Study/Linguistics?WhatisthepsychologicalbasisofCA?WhatproceduresshouldweadoptwhileconductingCA?Whatdowecontrast/compare?,Definition,Aninductiveinvestigativeapproachbasedonthedistinctiveelementsinalanguage.Itinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoormorelanguagesorsubsystemsoflanguageinordertodetermineboththedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Itcouldalsobedonewithinonelanguage.CAcanbeboththeoreticalandappliedaccordingtovariedpurpose.,kinds,IntralingualCross-linguistic/InterlingualPhonologicalinterferenceSyntacticinterferenceContrastivepragmatics,Kinds,Intralingual-Analysisofcontrastivephonemes.-Featureanalysisofmorphsyntacticcategories.-Analysisofmorphemeshavinggrammaticalmeaning-Analysisofwordorder,Kinds,Cross-linguistic/Interlingual-Comparativeanalysisofmorphsyntacticsystems.-Comparativeanalysisoflexicalsemantics-Analysisoftranslationalequivalence-Studyofinterferenceinforeignlanguagelearning,kinds,Phonologicalinterference-Thosewhocannotdistinguish/n/and/l/soundinChinesecannotdistinguishthetwosoundsinEnglish,either,Kinds,Contrastivepragmatics-Analysisneedstoconsidernotonlylinguisticcontrastsbutalsopragmaticcontrastssuchasthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthestylisticuses,cultures,andothercommunicativenetworks.,Theoreticalbases,HeavilyinfluencedbyStructuralismandBehaviorism.ThefocusonCAisonthesurfacestructure,includingthephonology,morphology,syntaxanddiscourse.Followingbehaviorism,CAemphasizesontransferinlanguagelearning,Basisassumptions,L2learninginvolvesovercomingdifficultiesinthelinguisticsystemsofthetargetlanguage.ThemaindifficultiesinlearningaL2arecausedbyinterferencefromtheL1.CAcanpredict,oratleastaccountfor,difficultiesinL2learning.Teachingmaterialsbasedoncontrastiveanalysiscanreducetheeffectsofinterferenceanddifficulties,andfacilitateL2learning.,Twotypesoftransfer,Positivetransfer:similarstructurefacilitatelearning.L1habitscansuccessfullybeusedintheL2.Negativetransfer:“interference”fromtheL1.L1habitswillcauseerrorsintheL2.,ProceduresofconductingCA,Theproceduresfollowedinvolve:1)description(i.e.aformaldescriptionofthetwolanguageswasmadesuchasdistinctivefeaturesofeach)2)selection(i.e.certainareasoritemsofthetwolanguageswerechosenfordetailedcomparisonsuchasphonology,syntaxandlexicon)Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsandlaughters.Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsandburstsoflaughter.3)comparison(i.e.theidentificationofareasofdifferenceandsimilarity),DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish:,Asforthesamething,ChineseandEnglishgiveadifferentnamebecauseoftheirdifferentfocus.Generally,blackisequivalentto“黑”，andredisto“红”.“青睐”inChinesemeans“like”and“favor”whilegreeneyedinEnglishmeans“jealous”.“眼红”inChineseisequivalenttogreen-eyedinEnglish.Then,whatdoes“red-eyedflight”mean?,SimilaritiesinChineseandEnglish:,Therearesomesimilaritiesinsyntax,lookatthefollowingexamples:一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井绳。Oncebitten,twiceshy.眼不见，心不烦。Outofsight,outofmind.4)prediction(i.e.determiningwhichareaswerelikelytocauseerrors)whichisalwaysconsideredasafailureofdoing.,Whatwearegoingtodonextisdatacollection.Therearetwotypesofdata:1)corpus-baseddata2)introspectivedataCorpus-baseddata:acollectionofmaterialsthathasbeenmadeforaparticularpurpose,suchasasetoftextbookswhicharebeinganalyzedandcomparedorasampleofsentencesorutteranceswhicharebeinganalyzedfortheirlinguisticfeatures.Introspectivedata:akindofdatainvolvingthesubjectreflectingthekindsofdecisionstheymakeandthekindsofstrategiestheyusewhilecarryingoutatask,andreportingthemastheyoccur.,Corpus-baseddata/Introspectivedata,Introspectivedataisbasedonintuitiontomakejudgment,thejudgmentofsentimentality.Personaljudgmentmaynotalwaysbereliable,butthisprocedurecannotbeabandonedbecauseitisveryconvenient.Sothatiswhyeverybodyusesit.Youcannotmixthetwodata.Youcanonlyuseone,eithercorpus-dataorintrospective.,Whatdowecontrastorcompare?,Canweimproveourlinguisticcompetencewithoutsystematicallycomparingourmothertongueandthetargetlanguage?First,wemustunderstandthemeaningofawordwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Second,wemustlearnitsgrammarwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Third,weshouldalsobefamiliarwithotheraspectsoflanguage,suchassemanticsandpragmatics.Finally,weshouldknowthetargetculturewhilelearningaforeignlanguage.,Contrastiveanalysisonlexicallevel,AsSwedishlinguistFerdinanddeSaussuresays,“Languageisasystemofmutuallydependentlexicalitem,whosevaluecanonlybeacquiredfromotherlexicalitems.Forexample,thevalueoftheword“bachelor”canonlybegeneratedfromspinster,woman,andhusband.”Therearesomecollocationsthataretakenforgranted.Nowtake“salary”asanexample:abig/highsalary/fatsalaryacomfortablesalary/ahandsomesalarylowsalaries/asmallsalaryamodestsalary,ContrastiveAnalysisonSyntacticLevel,Humboldt,aGermanlinguist,saysthatanysentenceinanylanguagehastwolevels:oneislogicandtheotherisgrammar.Chineselanguagehasmuchmorecoincidenceinlogicandgrammaranditismorebasedonlogic.TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinsyntax.Theyareasfollows:hypotactic(主从的)vs.paratactic（并列的）,-drop（主语脱落）,Takepro-dropandnon-pro-dropasanexample,Question:开门了吗？Answer:开了。发现了错误，一定要改正。Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.看树看果实，看人看作为。Atreeisknownbyitsfruit,andamanisknownbyhisaction.,SinceEnglishisasortofanalyticalandgrammaticallanguage,itismorestrict,stringentanddefiniteeveninagentlesspassivesentences.However,ChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Itisvague,anddependsheavilyoncontextandsemanticsratherthanongrammar.SinceChinesehasnomorphology,itisnecessaryforEnglishlearnersofL2ChinesetohavetheknowledgeofpragmaticswhenunderstandingChinesegrammar.Otherwise,itwillcauseambiguityormisunderstandinginmeaning.,ContrastiveAnalysisonMacroscopicLevel,ThedifferencebetweenmicroscopicCAandmacroscopicCAisthatmicroscopicCAfocusesonphonology,lexis,grammar,etc.whilemacroscopicCAfocusesontext,anddiscourse.Whatistext?Textisnotlimitedbyitsform;itcanbespokenorwrittenorevenaproseorpoem.Inaword,textisasemanticunitofexpressingideas.,Example:Insummary,therearetwodifferencesinthecomponentofconnectioninEnglishdiscourseandChinesediscourse：oneisvisibleandinvisibleconnection,andtheotheristhewayofmakingpausesinsentences（断句）.Therewerefewearthlythingsmorebeautifulthanauniversity,saidMasefield.Hedidnotrefertospiresandtowers,campusgreensandiviedwalls.