Chapter3-语言学ppt课件

.,ChapterThreeMorphology,3.1MorphologyItreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.ChairmanchairmanSunflowersunflowerBoysboy-sInternationalinter-nation-alCheckingcheck-ing,.,1.variableVerb(V);Adjective(A);Preposition(P);2.minorlexicalcategoryDeterminer(Det限定词);Degreeword(Deg);Qualifier(Qual修饰词);Auxiliary(Aux);Conjunction(Con).,.,ThreeCriteria,Thesethreecriteriaishelpfulinidentifyingthesyntacticcategoriesofwords1.meaningNoun(wordsthatdenotehumanbeingsandobjects,Jack,MaryVS.book,pen)Verb(designateactions,sensations,states:kill,cutVS.smell,taste,hearVS.live,love,hate)2.inflection(affixes:plural-s,pasttense-ed,progressive-ing,comparative-er,superlative-est)3.distribution(whattypeofelementscanco-occurwithacertainword)ex:nounsanddeterminers(aboy);verbsandauxiliary(shouldcome);adjectivesanddegreewords(verygood).,.,4.2.2phrasecategoriesandtheirstructure,Phrase:syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.Thecategoryofonephraseisdeterminedbythewordscategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.Anounword,anounphrase;averb,averbphrase;,.,Thephraselevelemergesfromthewordlevel,Mostcommoncategories:NP(nounphrase),VP(verbphrase),AP(adjectivephrase),PP(prepositionalphrase)phraselevelwordleveltheprettygirlNPNoftendreamVPVverykindAPAmainlyaboutPPP,.,Structureofmulti-wordphrase,Head(中心成分),specifier（标志成分）,complement（补充成分）head:thewordaroundwhichthephraseisformed.specifier:thewordontheleftsideoftheheadscomplement:thewordontherightsideoftheheads,.,4.3PhraseStructureRule,Phrasestructurerule:thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphrase.“”means“consistsof”or“branchesinto”NP(Det)N(PP)VP(Qual)V(NP)AP(Deg)A(PP)PP(Deg)P(NP)Mean:AnNPcanconsistofadeterminer,anNhead,andaPPcomplementAVP,.,4.3.1XPrule,Toreplacethehead(N,V,A,P)withX.XP(NP,VP,AP,PP)XPSpecifierX(thehead)ComplementXPrule(Specifier)X(Complement),.,4.3.2x-Theory,Thereisanintermediatelevel,whichareformedbytheheadandcomplementbetweenwordlevelandphraselevel,itisrepresentedbythesymbolofx-.(Xbarrule)XPx-SpecifierXComplement,.,ToreplacetheXPrulebyanothertwo-phrasestructurerules,A.XP(Specifier)x-B.x-X(complement),.,4.3.3coordinationrule,Coordinatestructure:somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,orFourimportantproperties:a.nolimitonthenumberb.atanylevelc.ofthesametype(已存在的)d.identicaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.(欲添加的),.,coordinationrule,XX*ConXXstandsfor:“acategoryatanystructurelevel”,eitheranXoranXP.Asterisk(*)standsfor:“morecategoriescanoccurtotheleftoftheCon”,.,4.4phraseelements,1Specifiers（标志成分）(L)2Complements（补充成分）(R)3Modifiers（修饰成分）(L/R),.,4.4.1Specifiers,Specifiers：markaphraseboundary.InEnglish,specifiersoccurattheleftboundaryoftheirrespectivephrases.Theyareattachedtothetoplevelofphrasestructure,totheleftofthehead.Thesyntacticcategoryofthespecifierdiffersdependingonthecategoryofthehead.DeterminersspecifierofNsQualifiers:VsDegreewords:As,Ps.,.,4.4.2Complements,Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.Subcategorization（次范畴化）:theinformationaboutawordscomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedAcertainlexicalitemsrequireacertaintypeofcomplement.astoryaboutasentimentalgirl,.,XPRule(revised)(firsttime),XP(Specifier)X(Complement*)Note:Cisunlimitedtotherightofthehead.Asentence-likeconstructionservesasaCYourealizethatyouareatrueman.,.,TheconjunctionComplementizers(Cs)（补语化成分）ThesentenceintroducedbytheconjunctionComplementclause（补语从句）ItservesasComplementphrase(CP)（补语短语）Inwhichmatrixclause（主句）ReferencePage50,.,4.4.3Modifiers,Theyspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.ModifiersHeadAdjectivephrases(AP)NsAdverborprepositionalphrase(AdvPPP)VsPositionsofModifiersinEnglish:APAdvPHeadAdvPPP,.,TheexpandedXPrule,XP(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)Thisruleallowsamodifiertooccureitherbeforetheheadorafterit.,.,4.5Sentences(theSrule),theSrulePreviously,SNPVP,.,Nowadays,theheadsofsentences:Inflection(Infl),abstract.Itcanindicatethetenseandagreement.Itcanberealizedbyatenselabeloranauxiliary.Head=Infl,.,4.6Transformation(转换),4.6.1auxiliarymovement4.6.2Doinsertion4.6.3deepstructureandsurfacestructure4.6.4Whmovement4.6.5Moveandconstraintsontransformation.,.,4.6.1auxiliarymovement,Auxiliaryistheheadofasentence.,.,1.InversionMoveInfltotheleftofthesubjectNP.Ex:Willthetrainarrive?(Yes-Noquestion)TwoSteps:normalordertotheinvertedordera.normally,auxiliaryoccupiesthepositionofInflb.invert,moveauxiliarytotheleftofthesubject(specifier).Think:WhereisaC(Complementizer)inaCP(ComplementPhrase)?Andhere,inthenormalorder,whereistheauxiliary?So,“Infl”hereismovedtotheCposition.And,inthisway,Yes-Noquestionisformed.,toform(Yes-Noquestion)Inversionrule,.,2.Inversion(revised),MoveInfltoC.(complementizer)Noted:Complementizerandinvertedauxiliariesareexclusive,cannotappearatthesametimeattheCposition.TheteacherwondersCPif-shouldhisstudent_stay.Inalargersentence,ormatrix,inversioninCPsisnotapplicable.,.,Trace(markedbye“empty”):itrecordsthefactthatthemovedelementcomesfromtheheadpositionwithinaS.Headmovement:themovementofawordfromtheheadpositioninonephrase(InflP)intotheheadpositioninanother(CP)isalsoknownas,.,4.6.2Doinsertion(Yes-noquestion),(Yes-noquestion)thatcontainsnoovert(明显的)Infl.DoinsertionInsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition.Birdsfly.Dobirdsfly?,.,4.6.3deep&surfacestructure,TheXPRuleDeepstructureTransformationSurfacestructure,.,4.6.4Whmovement,Whmovement:Movethewhphrasetothebeginningofthesentence.Whmovement(revised):MoveawhphrasetothespecifierpositionunderCP.,.,4.6.5Mov