GRE-写作素材---.docx

From tiny atoms to distant galaxies, 20th century imaging technologies have expanded the reach of our vision. Probing the human body, mapping ocean floors, tracking weather patterns - all are the result of engineering advances. Coupled with the computer, imaging gives us incredible new views, both within and beyond the human body and environment.AW事例总结一、 教育类作用和目的Throughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society.Life skillslogical thinking, analysis, creative problem solvingEducation should aim at improvement of both ones morals and faculties.We should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of a country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality and the freedom to practice ones faith.道德教育Economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure 大学生压力The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classicsan ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspectiveare just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. 人文教育的意义Liberal art teaches you how to think, how to read, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems. 人文教育的意义He was being so stuffed with an indigestible mass of material that he has no time to draw on his own resources, to use his own mind for analyzing and synthesizing, and evaluating this material填鸭式教育的缺点鼓励质疑权威 1. 培根认为知识就是力量,反对中世纪经院哲学对人们思想的禁锢,鼓励人们推倒偶像,2. 笛卡儿认为要清除由传统得来的偏见,办法就是怀疑,提出我思故我在3. 哥白尼日星说Bacon advocated the idea of testing the authority in order to gain real knowledge. Cause knowledge acquires certain skepticism to whatever we study even since the dawn of our civilization. Human beings have paid tribute to Copernicus for the first step he took in ignoring established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumption of astronomy for publishing his Heliocentric conjecture that the earth and other planets revolves around the sun. Same thought have also preoccupied Descartes who considered holding little suspicions to the wholly spread religions is the only way to expunge prejudice from our mundane life. 二、 艺术类作用和目的According to what Freud has said art, in essence, is a kind of release (discharge) of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions, and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.Pleasure; beauty(music, painting,-color, form, sound, melody)(娱乐)present us with insight into what is eternal and universal. Behind the profound work of art is a set of principles of humanity that always prevail.（理解人性） Renaissance painting of a Madonna and Angels, for many viewers, is somehow a revelation of transcendent spirituality; a Beethoven symphony is the last word on human endurance.Some narrative arts (novel, film) instruct us to some extent. This works with moral reflect the human character.（反映人性） Shakespeares Macbeth, for instance, teaches us that inordinate ambition is pernicious.This function of the arts can be denoted as expressionism - the artists use of a medium to express unique passion and insight.（作为表达方式） The pianist Franz Liszt, for instance, in the 1830s and 40s created a public personality as the great piano virtuoso of the era 19th century, art at the service of leadersthe Church, the government, and the aristocracy.(艺术为政府服务)The expression of private feelings and the criticism of society兴趣的作用Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, created many symphonies. Astonishingly, he produced his most famous symphony, Chorus, with complete deafness. How could he manage it? It must be the prominent imagination that stimulated him to struggle and thrive, thus he can even listen in spite of no hearings.作品-The Fifth Symphony, the Finale of the Ninth Symphony and the Moonlight SonataA Beethoven symphony is the last word on human endurance.达芬奇：通才Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. He has been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man and as a universal genius. Leonardo is famous for his masterly paintings, such as The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. He is also known for designing many inventions that anticipated modern technology, although few of these designs were constructed in his lifetime. In addition, he helped advance the study of anatomy, astronomy, and civil engineering.生前作品没有被认可(Monet, Van Gogh)Monet did not find acclaim and wealth to later in his life and at times suffered through extreme poverty. Success also allowed him some degree of freedom in his work.Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.Emily Bronte was a British novelist and poet, best remembered for her one novel Wuthering Heights, an acknowledged classic of English literature. But it received mixed reviews when it first came out, the book did not become an English literary classic until forty years later.Emily Dickinson has since come to be regarded as one of the two great American poets of the 19th century. Though almost unknown and nearly unpublished in her own lifetime, Dickinson 作品难懂(Monet)Monets famous work Impression: Sunrise was not understood initially, since it seems peculiar for a large amount of blue was used as the major color for sunlight. However, this work eventually earned its reputation and had led to the name for impressionism作品反映社会(Van Gogh, Picasso)Van Gogh-“potato eaters”: Dark and somber, sometimes crude, these early works evidence van Goghs intense desire to express the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in Belgium.Picasso“Pigeon”, he was a pacifist, 毕加索的抽象艺术,说明艺术家的思维是需要超前的Take the enormity of Pablo Picassos artistic output for an illustration, which connotes an unrealistic interpretation of its original creature, exists as unrivalled tributes to an artist whose influence remain unequalled in quality and longevity. It is simply because of the innovative approach towards objects he applied to his work- full of variety in its kind for individual to predict in their fragment-which people desperately needed政府资助对艺术无影响（美国）1938:Painting And Sculpture-Art in the United States：In 1938 the United States Government continued to act as chief patron of the arts in America. The art projects of the Works Progress Administration and of the Treasury Department continued their programs, employing several thousand artists and bringing art before an increasingly large public all over the country.政府资助对艺术有影响（Soviet Union）However, if the government extraordinarily funds arts, it would harm the integrity of them. The typical instance is U.S.S.R.(=Soviet Union) In the 1950s to the 1990s, the U.S.S.R. Soviet Union government always funded the arts. In order to get the funding from the government, many artists in U.S.S.R. chose to create some arty works, which the government preferred to. After several decades development, the integrity of the arts in U.S.S.R. has been heavily threatened. Many kinds of arts have disappeared and many people thought that due to the funding of government, the integrity of arts had been harmed.民间力量的资助（也很重要但不稳定,The Medici）1951: Art ：In the Western countries sentiment was rising for systematic and sustained government patronage of art, as private patronage collapsed under inflationary pressuresCulture-by which I chiefly mean the fine arts-has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses, and not on the government. The Medici, a powerful banking family of Renaissance Italy, supported artists Michelangelo and Raphael. During the 20th Century the primary source of cultural support were private funds established by industrial magnates Carnegie, Mellon, Rockefeller and Getty.三、 法律类四、 科技类In the field of science, according to empiricism and positivism, “science” theories are objective, empirically testable and “predictive”- they predict results that can be checked objectively.To say “the apple fell” is to state a fact, whereas Newtons theory of universal gravitation is a body of ideas that is based on the observation and allows other scientists to explain why the apple fell and make prediction about other falling objects.科技带来垃圾Overflowing Landfill with outdated devices, discarded chemicals, and plastic packaging, landfills are a testament to the sobering side effects of technological advance. An average city dweller may produce a ton of refuse in a year, a volume that rapidly overflows local dumps. Cities running out of space for landfill often turn to incinerating their waste or transporting it to other areas, although up to 90 percent of the material might have been recycled.科技带来失业Automation Trade-Off Technological advancement has both positive and ill effects on a society. Take, for example, advances in automation technology. Automation has improved production efficiency and quality control, and has reduced the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks. On the other hand, automation has made many jobs unnecessary, putting employees out of work, or forcing them to retrain. 对科技的重估 Reassessments of Technology 军事上World War I and the Great Depression forced a sobering reassessment of this rapid technological explosion. The development of submarines, machine guns, battleships, and chemical warfare made increasingly clear the destructive side of technological change. In addition, worldwide mass unemployment and the disasters met by capitalistic institutions in the 1930s initiated a further strong critique of the benefits that result from technological progress. Then, with World War II, came the development of the weapon that has since become a general threat to life on earth: the atomic bomb. Although national leaders often speak of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, nuclear power can never be discussed without referring to its dangers as well. Another technological outgrowth of World War IIthe development of computers and transistors and the accompanying trend toward miniaturizationis having equally profound effects on society as well (see Microprocessor). The possibilities it offers are enormous, but so are the possibilities for invasion of privacy and for workforce displacement by automated systems (see Automation).During the 1950s some observers began to warn that many other products of technology also had harmful or destructive aspects. Automobile exhausts, they pointed out, were polluting the atmosphere, pesticides such as DDT were threatening the food chain, and mineral wastes from a wide variety of industrial sources were polluting large reservoirs of groundwater. Indeed, the physical environment has become so jammed with technological processes that one of the major challenges of modern society is the search for places to dump the wastes that have been produced.Precocious wizard 尚未成熟的新奇产品 affluent inventor才思泉涌的发明家 latest brainstorm 最新的发明五、 思想类六、 社会类1、竞争和合作Competition is a way of life in todays world. The capitalist society encourages competition. Individuals and companies alike, for the sake of survival in competition, must continue to improve their services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically.竞争好处（电脑更先进，通讯更发达，价格更低）-in businessIn the past decade, we have seen computers shrinking in size, increasing in power, and declining in price. We have also seen a rapid expansion of telecommunications networking at a reducing price. All of these good things happen only because of competition. 如美国邮政制度的改进 Take Philadelphia for example, in 1847, With a population of 150,000, people still had to go to the post office to get their mail. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these cumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express business developed, and thrived, and actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the government mail. 在其他方面（体育、教育、政治）The Olympic Games is a form of competition (players continuingly break up records to challenge human limits，there is only one tallest podium for the gold medal and two shorter ones for the silver and bronze.)挑战人类极限, and so are college or university entrance examinations 促进学习and presidential elections.民主社会恶性竞争带来的负面影响The cost of competition is very high. Competition in the form of arms race among powers is a waste of limited resources that we have on this planet, and will bring massive destruction to humankind.军备竞赛Competition is to separate winners from losers. 无法达到win-win situation(双赢) On the other hand, cooperation is the only driving force that will make every participant a winner.合作的好处（篮球，建筑）In this super-modern world, tasks are more complex and there are more specialists:In an orchestra, in the workplace, in the creation of a film, on many jobs, we know that we have to work in teams. There is another side to relationships called cooperation. Call it family, call it friendship, call it mutual support. We get together in groups to do those things that are larger than one person. We design airplanes, build roads and play basketball in teams.过度合作和坏处 （垄断）Cooperation in the form of monopoly or price-fixing is illegal in the capitalist world as it kills the spirit of competition. American people do not allow their governments to operate any business as they believe that the government-run business will be ineffective due to lack of competition.合作竞争-co-opetitionIts a combination of cooperation and competition that offers the possibility for rivals to benefit from each others seemingly competitive activities. In short, there are circumstances where having more players to cut the pie means bigger pieces of pie for everyone. (把蛋糕做大)Thats co-opetition.Co-opetition is the delicate balance of cooperation and competition that describes many business relationships. A value network, or Value Net, is a map that helps visualize the tangled web of interconnections in the game of business.Telephone and cable TV companies have been complementors in sharing the cost of poles to run wires to the same houses.Coke and Pepsi go head to head.Relationships, personal or business, can be hard to sort out and often are not so clearly defined as complementary or competitive. They are both. Its war and peace at the same time. Thats the strange world of co-opetition.2、社会问题贫穷Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves and have-nots;（有产和无产之间的矛盾） structural arrangements, such as official unemployment and the stipulation of a poverty line, have the effect of limiting opportunities and justifying social inequality. Thus, poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. （阶级歧视，不平等机会）Programs and policies for addressing problems of poverty and work, such as the social welfare system and affirmative action, are themselves problems.（社会福利等制度）种族歧视（权利和财富的分配不均造成）Imbalances in the distribution of power- the loss of personal freedoms and civil liberties, and abuses of authority, of which genocide is an extreme example 权利不均Imbalances in the distribution of wealth- the loss of economic opportunity and social mobility, the creation of a permanent underclass, and conditions of illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, and disease财富不均The social problems caused by economic and political inequality are a threat to global security威胁全球安全Racial and ethnic prejudice and discrimination are sources of grave social problems- racial purity or superiority, stereotyping and labeling, physical and social segregation, institutionalized inequality种族纯化，种族隔离，制度不平等Crime, Violence, Drugs, and the Criminal Justice System（antisocial behavior）Juvenile delinquency and street crime may be linked to youth gang and organized crime activities(犯罪团伙); the availability of guns, alcohol, and drugs（枪支，酒精，毒品）; poverty, unemployment, and lack of economic opportunity（贫穷、失业）; racism（种族主义）; family instability and domestic violence（家庭暴力）; school failure（学业不好）; and the influence of mass media（媒体影响）.家庭问题family instability, divorce and child custody（离婚，家庭不合，儿童监护）, spouse and child abuse（虐待儿童）, gender issues, gay and lesbian families（同性恋家庭）, reproductive technology, adoption, and abortion（领养、堕胎）性别歧视sex discrimination-the workplace, occupations, wages, education,feminist movement-gender inequality still persist in problems of sexual violencebut insignificant医疗健康问题The bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, gene therapies（基因治疗）, reproductive technologies, physician-assisted suicide, and euthanasia（安乐死）In the U.S. health care increasingly is provided on a for-profit basis by the health maintenance organizations, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, and insurance companies教育问题Relate to funding, teacher quality and the status of the teaching profession, student academic performance and standardized testing, racial imbalances and equal educational opportunity，teacher shortages, overcrowded and unsafe schools, and unequal access to educational technology人口问题（人口过剩，人口迁移）Overpopulation of an