托福阅读长难句(pdf)

托福阅读第二讲托福阅读长难句,本节课授课目标,1.句子的主要成分2.句子之间的逻辑关系3.长难句综合分析4.句子简化题的标识和出题形式5.解答句子简化题,句子的主干,句子的主干指的是句子的核心信息。包括句子的主要成分和主要的逻辑关系。长难句各个成分的识别：,定语从句,Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.,定语从句,ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.,名词性从句,Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;iftheyarenowbelowthewatersuppersurface(thewatertable),thegravelsandsandsoftheformerriverbed,anditssandbars,willbesaturatedwithgroundwater.,名词性从句,Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.,名词性从句,WesternFarmersborrowedwiththeconfidentexpectationthattheexpandingeconomywouldkeepfarmpriceshigh,thusmakingiteasytorepayloanswhentheyfelldue.,状语从句,Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthemevenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.,状语从句,Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow-lyingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.,非谓语动词,Withclimax,biome,superorganism,andvariousothertechnicaltermsfortheassociationofanimalsandplantsatagivenlocalitybeingcriticized,thetermecosystemwasmoreandmorewidelyadoptedforthewholesystemofassociatedorganismstogetherwiththephysicalfactorsoftheirenvironment.,n.+todo/ed/ing/介词短语attemptstolinkimageswithrecordedsoundcropsraisedbywesternfarmerspumpsextractingwaterfromwatertableassociationsofplantsandanimalsatagivenlocality,插入语等其他结构,justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.,of,Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.,倒装句式,OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeaningsbecomeobscuredorevenlost.Amongthekeyfactorsbehindthisgrowthwereincreasedagriculturalproductivityandanexpansionoftrade.,划出定语(后置)定语从句状语（地点时间程度副词）插入语剩下的部分，主要是：主语谓语宾语,举例,Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.,ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.,夜晚需要宁静花蕾需要更充足丰富的营养，才能释放美丽的花朵释放与吸收，选对时间了吗？背负选择求知欲，平静，不安被黑星星追赶遇见一扇门，冲进，紧锁着夹住了黑星星的手门缝中露出了黑色的手指甲换取暂且的安全,主要的逻辑关系,因果常见标志：because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,cause，leadto，resultinfrom,因果关系,隐含标志：accordingly，giveriseto，produce，spark，comefrom，beattributableto，beresponsiveto，reflect，suggest，show，imply，demonstrate，contributeto,beresponsiblefor,accountfor,Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasocietysculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.,社会学家认为主要团体是个人和社会之间的桥梁,因为主要团体传播和解释社会文化模式,并为社会提供统一意识,这对社会的团结是十分重要的。,比较,常见标志：对象A比较级对象B同级比较“差异”:same,different，unlike，similarresemble“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel.,Timberlinetreesarenormallyevergreens,suggestingthatthesehavesomeadvantageoverdeciduoustrees(thosethatlosetheirleaves)intheextremeenvironmentsoftheuppertimberline.,树带界线内通常是常绿树木,他们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比,具有一定的优势。,转折,1.转折关系but,however,yet(然而),onthecontrary,contraryto,contrarily,by(in)contrast(to),whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,unlike,infact(effect),actually弱转,conversely2.让步关系although,muchas,though,eventhough(if),even,despite,inspiteof,nevertheless,anyhow(anyway),as,while（虽然、尽管、即使）,still（尽管如此）,Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.,例如,一些早期社会的人们认为有的仪式对他们的幸福生活来说不再是必需品,并且取消了那些仪式。虽然如此,人们还是保留了那些口头传述故事的传统并且热爱从这些仪式里发展起来的神话,出于它们的艺术性,而不是宗教原因。,并列和递进,并列词：and（和）、aswellas（也）、likewise（同样的）、while（与此同时）、similarly（类似地）、or（或者）、simultaneously（同时发生地）、meanwhile（同时）、inthemeantime、neithernor,eitheror,notonlybutalso,递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore（进一步）、moreover（而且、此外）、even（甚至、更）、besides(注意区分except),additionally,inaddition,whatsmore,Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain:constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures,anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion,whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms.,主要有两种影响会改变地形:建设性的过程,如产生新的地表特征的地壳隆起;和破坏性的力量,如缓慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蚀。,概述与详述,总分关系（举例&总结）举例：forexample、forinstance、suchas、including,specifically总结：insum，ingeneral,overall,tosumup，onthewhole,generally,Mostengravings,forexample,arebestlitfromtheleft,asbefitstheworkofright-handedartists,whogenerallyprefertohavethelightsourceontheleftsothattheshadowoftheirhanddoesnotfallonthetipoftheengravingtoolorbrush.,例如,大多数时候都是从左侧照射雕刻比较好,这样适于右撇子艺术家工作,他们通常喜欢将光源放在左侧以便自己手的投影不会落在雕刻工具或刷子的末端。,综合分析1,Asaresult，claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。,综合分析1,Asaresult，claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。,综合分析2,Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective,astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight,justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.,综合分析2,Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective,astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight,justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.,尽管后来人很难理解,但在20世纪20年代,一种批判性的意见预言:有声电影是一种将很快淡出公众视线的科技新事物,就像许多先前把图像和声音结合起来的尝试一样,这些尝试可以追溯到第一次世界大战。,综合分析3,Thehypothesisthatbeggingcallshaveevolvedpropertiesthatreducetheirpotentialforattractingpredatorsyieldsaprediction:babybirdsofspeciesthatexperiencehighratesofnestpredationshouldproducesofterbeggingsignalsofhigherfrequencythannestlingsofotherspecieslessoftenvictimizedbynestpredators.,综合分析3,Thehypothesisthatbeggingcallshaveevolvedpropertiesthatreducetheirpotentialforattractingpredatorsyieldsaprediction:babybirdsofspeciesthatexperiencehighratesofnestpredationshouldproducesofterbeggingsignalsofhigherfrequencythannestlingsofotherspecieslessoftenvictimizedbynestpredators.,关于乞讨声发展演化出一些性质,能够降低幼鸟吸引捕食者的潜在危险的假说产生出一个预言:那些被捕食频率较高的幼鸟种群应该比那些很少被捕食的种群产生出更柔和的高频乞讨信号。,句子简化题出题样式,出题标志Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.,句子简化题解题步骤,1.寻找句子的主干成份2.寻找句子的逻辑关系3.分析选项错误选项特点：1.与原句矛盾未提及2.省略主要成分3.主宾颠倒，主次颠倒4.逻辑错误或逻辑颠倒,例1:Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.(A)Becauseoftheirdeformedshapesathighaltitudes,treesarenotlikelytobeseriouslyharmedbythestrongwindstypicalofthosealtitudes.(B)Asaltitudeincreases,thevelocityofwindsincreases,leadingtoaseriousdecreaseinthenumberoftreesfoundathighaltitudes.,(C)Thedeformedshapesoftreesathighaltitudesshowthatwindvelocity,whichincreaseswithaltitude,cancauseserioushardshipfortrees.(D)Increasedwindvelocityathighaltitudesdeformstheshapesoftrees,andthismaycauseseriousstressfortrees.,例2:Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.(A)Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.,(B)Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.(C)Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvar