非谓语不定式+动名词要点

动词不定式先看几个例句，判断不定式在句中的成分。1Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.2Hiswishistobeadriver.3Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.4Theteachertoldustodomorningexercises.5Ihavenothingtosay.6Theywenttoseetheiraunt.7Itseasytoseetheiraunt.8Idontknowwhattodonext.9Iheardthemmakeanoise.,作表语1.Hisaimistowinthefirstprize.Onesdream/aim/ambition/wish/hope/Thefirststepisto2.Allwecandois(to)wait.作宾语1.Hedemandedtobetoldthetruth.2.Hepretendedtoknowtheanswer.Hepretendedtobedoinghishomework/tohavefallenasleepwhenMothercamein.decide/fail/manage/refuse/pretend/choose/agree/plan/promise/makeuponesmind+todo作介词but/except的宾语3.Ihavenochoicebuttowait/candonothingbutwait.(but=except前面有do，其后的不定式省“to”)4.Hewouldratherdiethangivein.wouldrather/wouldsooner/may/mightaswell/whynot/cannot(help)but/hadbetter+do,作宾补或主补1.Illhavehimsaysomethingatthemeeting.havesbdo=getsbtodofeel,hear/listento,let/have/make,see/watch/lookat/notice/observesbdo，但被动语态要+toListentomereadthetext.Heisoftenlistenedtotosingthesong.2.Heissaidtobedoingtheworkofnextyear.Itssaidthatheisdoingtheworkofnextyear.sb+seem/appear/happen/besaid/bereported/beknown/befound/bebelieved+todo/tobedoing/tohavedone/tohavebeendoneIt+seem/appear/happen/besaid/bebelievethat.3.Heorderedhismentofire.wish/advise/persuade/allow/permit/want/tell/ask/expect/order/require/requestsbtodosuggest/hope/agree/demand/arrangesbtodo作定语1.Ihavealotofworktodo.,2.findagoodplacetostudyingivemeaknifetocutsthwith3.thefirsttocome/tobeawardedtheNobelPrize4.thelastpersontodosuchathing最不愿意做的人5.thehousetobebuiltnextyearcf:thehousebeingbuiltnow/builtlastyear作状语目的to/inorderto/soasto结果enoughto/tooto/soasto/onlyto1.Thebusstoppedtopickuppassengers.Hespokeslowlyandclearlytomakehimselfunderstood2.Hesetoutearlyinorderto/soastocatchthefirstbus.=Inorderto/Tocatchthefirstbushesetoutearly.3.Hestooyoungtodresshimself.4.Ihurriedtoschoolonlytobetolditwasaholiday.onlytodosth表示出于预料之外的结果Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.,掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：1“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to都是介词。agreeto，objectto，closeto,cometo,leadto,referto,equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto2带to还是不带toIhavenochoicebuttogiveinIcannotdoanythingbutgiveinIsawhimentertheclassroom.（但是：Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.）,3动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.Itsnecessaryforyoutostudyhard.Itsfoolishofhimtodoit.与of连用的形容词有：good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite4后接不定式作宾语的动词有：want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.,5不定式(todo)作定语，应注意三种关系：a.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系e.g.Ihaveameetingtoattend.Wehavemanydifficultiestoovercome.Illgetyousomethingtoeat.Ihavenothingtoworryabout.Heisaneasymantotalkto.b.与被修饰名词构成同位关系e.g.Hisplantosetupacompanyiscarriedout.Mywishtogetapresenthasbecometrue.c.被修饰名词与所跟的不定式构成主谓关系e.g.Heisthefirst(man)tocome.Heistherightpersontodothejob.注意：-Imgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealetter_(post).(逻辑主语是I)-Thankyou.ButIhavenoletters_(post)now(逻辑主语不是I),6不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：1）原因Heisluckytogethereontime.这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy2)目的HecametohelpmewithmyMaths.3)结果Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.,7.不定式作补足语Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有：see,feel,hear,listento,lookat,watch,let,havemake,observe,notice注:当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to,如：Hewasseentoplayinthestreetjustnow.8不定式的完成式tohavedone.Bellisbelievedtohaveinventedthetelephone.,9.几种不定式用主动代替被动的情况:Therebe句型中e.g.Therearealotofdifficultiestoovercome.Thereisnotimetowaste.Thereismuchworkforyoutodo.too+a./adv.+todo结构中e.g.Thesoupistoohottodrink.Theproblemistoodifficulttounderstand.Theroomistoocoldtolivein.be+a.+todo结构中,不定式作形容词的状语e.g.Well-paidjobsarehardtofind.Theboxisheavytocarry.Sheiseasytomakefriendswith.That/This/Its+n.+todo结构中,不定式与所修饰名词有动宾关系e.g.Thatisacomfortablebedtosleepon.Itsnotaneasyjobtofinish.,Gerunds,Definition:v.+ing具有动词和名词的性质1.作主语Swimmingismyfavouritesports.2.宾语Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.3.表语Myjobistakingcareofthechildren.4.定语aswimmingpool5.作介词宾语Wearelookingforwardtomeetingyousoon.,时态和语态,doing,beingdone,notbeingdone,havingdone,havingbeendone,nothavingbeendone,只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,canthelp,cantstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,1.在begin,start,continue等词后，既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词。但其后如是：see,understand,realize，know时，一般用不定式。2.love,like,hate,prefer,intend之后，用不定式表示某一具体动作或情况（一般在其前加would或should）；用动名词表示一般性动作（如爱好或习惯）。e.g.Ilikeskating,butIdontliketoskatethismorning.3.need,demand,want,require,deserve在表示“需要”时，用动名词的主动形式表被动，或用不定式的被动形式，但动名词形式更常见。beworthdoing=beworthytobedone=beworthyofbeingdone,注意以下几个问题：1下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记做了某事remembertodo记住要做某事rememberdoing记着做了某事meantodo有意要做某事meandoing意味着做了某事regrettodo对要做的事表示后悔regretdoing对做过去的事后悔,canthelptodo不能帮助做某事canthelpdoing情不自禁做某事trytodo尽力去做某事trydoing试着做某事learntodo学着去做某事learndoing学会做某事,stoptodo停下来去做（另一件事）stopdoing停止做某事goontodo接着做（另外一件事）goondoing继续做某事usedtodo过去做某事beusedtodoing习惯做某事,advise(allow,permit,encourage,forbid)sb.todosth.advise(allow,permit,encourage,forbid)doingsth.,常用词组后接动名词：feellike,preferto,beusedto,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,getdownto,bebusy(in),beworth,常用句型后用动名词Thereisnopoint(in)doingTheresnotellingwhatwillhappen.=Itsimpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.=Noonecantellwhatwillhappen.Itsnousetalkingwithhim.Itsnogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.Theressomedifficulty(in)doing在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime,动名词的复合结构1.动名词作主语时，逻辑主语必须用名词或代词的所有格eg.Toms(His)comingiswhatwehadexpected.2.动名词作宾语时，逻辑主语可以用名词普通格或代词的所有格。eg.ShedidntmindJack(Jacks)arrivinglate.否定：所有格+not+doingeg.Mynotpassingtheexammademyfatherangry.,SofarIhaventfoundaproperwaytoavoid_(make)amistake.2.Tomrandownstairs_(greet)hisaunt.3.Herushedtothestationjustintime_(catch)thelasttrainforhishome-town.4.Iamlookingforwardto_(see)themattheparty.5.Iveneverexpected_(see)suchastrangecharacterinmylife.6.Thenexttrain_(arrive)isfromEdinburgh.7.Willyoubuymeamagazine_(read)onthejourney?8.Thelastproblem_(consider)atournextmeeting,ishowtousethatsumofmoneyproperly.9.Weallwentonajourney,butMarywasmade_(stay)athome.10.Iamconsidering_(make)atriptoNanjing.,11.Hedevotedmostofhistimeto_(do)researchwork.12.Iprefer_(drink)coffeeto_(smoke)cigarettes.13.Youdbetter_(notdelay)_(publish)thisbook.14.Mr.Blackdidntfeellike_(go)totheconcertlastweek.Neitherdidhefeellike_