九年级中考英语复习阅读理解专项详解

中考阅读理解： 第一章 概述 “阅读理解”是指阅读所给的文字材料，掌握它的主要内容并理解其含义。实际上，“阅读理解”是通过认识语言形式与结构而获取文字信息的过程。阅读是英语学习的重要组成部分。阅读理解能力的高低直接影响着听、说、写等各方面能力的形成和发展。因此，各省、市都把阅读理解题作为中考英语必考的最重要的题型之一，并且越来越重视对阅读理解能力的考查：阅读量逐渐增多，知识面逐步拓宽，难度系数逐年加大。(1)“阅读理解”的具体要求九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲对“读”的要求如下：能预习课文，初步理解课文大意。学会查词典，能借助词典阅读难度相当于课文的材料，并理解其大意。能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料，生词率不超过3%。三年制和四年制的阅读速度分别是每分钟40-50和50-60个单词，理解正确率达到70%。阅读能力强的标志不仅指阅读速度快，而且还要求理解率高。具体体现在如下几个方面：掌握所读材料的大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念。既能理解字面意思，也能理解深层含义(包括作者的态度、意图及倾向等)。既能理解某一句话、某一段落的意义，也能理解全篇的逻辑关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。既能根据材料所提供的信息解决问题，也能结合必备的常识(包括生活常识和相关的其他学科知识等)去理解和处理题目设置的疑难问题。由于考试过程中不允许考生查字典，因此，要想解答好阅读理解题必须做到以下两点：掌握相当的词汇量。词汇不过关，处处是难关。平常要多背诵一些基础词汇、词组、习惯短语等。教材中出现的重要句型也必须牢记。这样就能为顺利阅读提供强有力的保障。同时在记忆词汇时，要注意单词的词性及一词多义现象，这样对阅读中碰到的生词的推断会有一定的帮助。加强“听、说、读、写、译”五项基本技能的训练，创造良好的语境。通过多听、多说、多读、多写、多译，逐步培养语感，提高综合运用语言知识的能力，为阅读能力的提高奠定坚实的基础。(2)“阅读理解”的题型特点“阅读理解”是集语法、词汇、逻辑推理、背景知识于一体，测试语言综合能力的题目。它主要用来考查学生综合运用英语语言知识的能力，不仅考查阅读速度，而且重点考查理解能力。阅读理解题分为阅读材料(短文)和理解运用两部分，其命题形式主要有四种：选择正确答案；判断正误；完成句子；回答问题。为了便于阅卷，中考采用的命题形式以前两种为主。实际上，阅读理解题无论以哪种形式出现，都是一个问题的不同形式的反映，出发点都是针对短文具体内容理解程度的，即正确答案必须符合原文意思，符合语法规范，语句通顺，符合逻辑合情合理。(3)“阅读理解”的考查内容作为一种综合性很强的试题类型，“阅读理解”的考查内容有如下几个方面： 考查短文的主旨和大意。包括对文章大意、主题的理解，对作者意图或文章中人物观点的理解，以及能从短文内容中推断出结论和作者的弦外之音等。 考查短文的细节和事实。包括事实识别、有关数字方面的计算或识图、排列顺序等。 考查短文中词语的意思或句子的含义。这些词句一般不只是体现其表层意义，而往往具有深层涵义。要求考生能利用阅读材料中的信息，结合上下文来判断其特定意义，或者根据句子的语法关系分析、挖掘其涵义。这就要求考生具备必要的语言知识、相关学科的常识及一定的分析和推断能力。 考查拟选题目的能力。这是对考生概括能力的检测，难度稍大。因为短文标题的拟定不但取决于阅读材料的内容，而且还受标题特点的影响。一般地，英语短文标题的特点有：省略冠词、be动词或作定语用的人称代词，且多以短语或简单句出现。选择标题的一般原则是：一是要切题，即能概括出全文的主旨；二是要简洁，即文字要简单明了。(4)“阅读理解”的题型设置阅读理解是通过语篇对学生综合运用语言能力进行考查的题型。研究近几年的中考阅读理解试题，我们发现，阅读理解题的难度并不是很大，主要以确认短文的事实和细节为主。但是随着新课程标准的实施，对学生高层阅读能力方面的要求已有所增加。比如，在高考英语中常用的逻辑推理、词句理解和归纳全文主旨大意等难度较大的题目也逐渐纳入中考英语考查之列。从考查形式上来看，“阅读理解”的题型主要分为两大类：客观试题和主观试题。 客观试题客观试题一般包括选择题和正误判断题。题目的设计方式是：在短文、图文或图表材料后给出若干个不完整的句子，或者根据短文材料内容提出若干个问题，要求考生在正确理解材料的基础上，判断句子的正误或者从所给的四个备选项中选出一个正确答案。考虑到阅卷上的方便，中考阅读理解题大多以这种方式来命制的。例如：IA four-year-old girl is lying in the arms of a doctor. She has just lost her mother. Her pink clothes are full of blood and her eyes look at something only she can see.Every day we see pictures like this on our televisions. We see Iraqi (伊拉克的) children begging for food and water from American and British soldiers as they move through towns and cities towards the capital, Baghdad (巴格达). We see these children following parents, carrying bags of almost the same size as their small bodies as they escape from their homes in Baghdad.They show just some of the young lives that have been turned upside down by ongoing war and the terrible price paid by Iraqi children.“Dad, why are the Americans fighting against us? Are we going to be killed?” asks the son f Abu Singar, an Iraqi engineer. Abu finds it hard to explain this war to his eight-year-old son.He tries to make him feel safe by saying, “The bombs (炸弹) are far away from us. The Americans are fighting the soldiers. Were going to be all right.” Even though Abu knows it isnt always true, little else can be done. In Baghdad, parents give their children sleeping pills to try and let them escape from the sound of bombs. And all the schools are closed.Now things are worse, and the ongoing war makes it impossible to count the number who are hungry, sick, hurt or even dead.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。1.What happens to the children in Iraq because of the war?A. The children will get better than before.B. The children beg for food and water from American and British soldiers.C. The children in Iraq go away from their homes in Baghdad.D. The children live a most terrible life.2.What does the word “ongoing” mean in Chinese?A. 正在进行的 B. 非正义的 C. 未授权的 D. 影响恶劣的3.The father doesnt tell the true thing to his child because _.A. he wants to make his child not feel dangerousB. he and his child are afraid to lose each other in the warC. he doesnt want his child to believe American soldiersD. he will lose his country and his home4.The war in Iraq tells us that _.A. the Iraqi people in the war are much hungrier and worseB. we should help the Iraqi people build their country againC. nothing can be done except fightingD. both A and B5.What would be the best title (标题) for the report?A. Iraqi children during the WarB. Sickness, Death in IraqC. America and England Fight against IraqD. A Girl in the War in Iraq(Keys: 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A)IIHere is a page from a magazine named Future. Read the following information about things that may happen in ten years. And then do the exercise below.A. Cars will run on solar power (太阳能) or electricity and will be much cleaner. They will be much safer. For example, if you are too close to another car or if you are driving dangerously, your car will slow down by itself.B. Because there wont be any spare land, new cities will have to be built in the sea. Some cities on water will have two levels (层). People will live on the upper level; the lower level will be used for traffic, shops and factories.C. Biotechnology (生物技术) will make food better and healthier. Plants that are not affected (影响) by insects or illnesses will be developed. The taste of fruit and vegetables will be better and food will be kept longer.D. New technology will be used to make TVs that are only 5cm thick. They will have pictures that are as clear as photos. Electrical appliances (家用电器) will be quieter and will be controlled by computer. They will also use 50% less power.E. Many new ways to cure (治愈) illnesses will be successful using products of genetic engineering (基因产品). Cures will be found for the flu and the common cold. However, some new illnesses will appear.判断下列句子是否符合短文内容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示。1.Cars using solar power or electricity will cause fewer accidents and less pollution.2.People will be able to live in the new cities in the sea.3.Biotechnology will help divide food into two groups: better food and healthier food.4.Electrical appliances will save 50% of power because they are controlled by computers.5.Genetic engineering can help doctors to cure illnesses.6.The information above is about the history of the development of modern science.(Keys: 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.F) 主观试题在中考英语试卷中，主观试题出现得虽然不是很普遍，但它反映了英语新课程标准的精神。与客观试题相比，主观试题更能检测出学生的真实英语水平，不少省市开始对这种题型有所涉及，且有逐渐增加之势。主观试题通常包括以下几种命题方式：a. 填空题所谓“填空题”，就是在短文或图文材料后，给出若干个句子或一段经过改写的短文或对话，并且在句子、短文或对话中留有若干空格，要求在每个空格中填入一个或几个单词，使句子、短文或对话所表达的意思与原来所给材料内容保持一致。例如：IMost people have jobs. They go to work nearly every day. Some people are lucky. Either they have very interesting jobs or they make a lot of money. Most people are not so lucky. Either their jobs are not very interesting or they dont make much money.The most interesting jobs are often the most difficult. People take a long time to learn how to do them. Doctors study for at least six years after finishing school.Some young people have interesting and high-pay jobs. Many young players do their work successfully. Football and tennis stars are usually under 35 Years old. Older people usually cannot play these sports very well. They cannot move fast enough. Golf, however is a good sport for older people. Many golf players are quite old, but they can play it successfully.Most people work until they are 60 or 65 years old. Then they retire (退休) and have a lot of free time. Some people never retire though. These people usually have very interesting jobs. Writers, artists, scientists and actors (演员) usually work until they die. Their work is their life.根据短文内容，完成下列句子，每空一词。1.Some _ people have interesting or high-pay jobs, _ most people dont have such good luck.2.Some jobs _ a long time to learn because they are _.3.Young players can _very fast, so many of them play these _ like football and tennis very _.4.Golf is a good sport for _ people.5.Most people keep _ until the age of 60 or 65. but writers, artists, scientists and actors can work all their _.(Keys: 1.lucky, while/but 2. take, difficult/hard 3.move/run, sports/games, well/successfully 4.old/older 5.working, lives)IISchool education is very important and useful. The students both learn knowledge and get an education. Yet, no one can learn everything from school. The scientists，such as Edison，Newton，Galileo and Einstein, didnt learn everything from school. They learned a lot of knowledge outside school or in practice by themselves. A teacher, even he knows a lot, cant teach his students everything.The teachers job is to show his students how to learn, how to read and how to think. A good teacher with rich experience in teaching can teach his students the methods(= ways)of study. Through these methods the students are able to learn and get a lot of things by themselves.Usually it is very easy for the students to remember some knowledge, but it is very difficult to use it for problems. If a teacher really shows the students the ability of how to use knowledge, it means the teacher has learned lots of knowledge by himself (or herself). The success in learning shows he or she knows how to study.(A)根据短文内容选择最佳答案。 1.From this passage we know _.A. the students are taught everything at school B. a teacher cant teach the students everything C. school is really not important and useful D. Edison learned lots of knowledge at school 2. A teachers job is _.A. to help the students with their lessons B. to teach the students everything C. to show the students how to study by themselves D. to tell them the way to study 3. Choose the right order of this passage. a. How important are the study methods for students？ b. What does the teachers experience of success in study mean？ c. Where should the students study？ d. What is the job of a teacher？ A. c, a, b, d B. b, c, a, d C. c, b, d, a D. c, d, a, b 4. Which of the following is right？A. If we know how to learn，we can get a lot of knowledge.B. We can learn everything from our teachers.C. The writer tells us that practice is more important for the students than learning.D. It is the only job for the students to learn knowledge.5. Which of the following is the best title(标题)？ A. A real job for teachers B. Study in and outside school C. Practicethe only way of learning D. How to learn knowledge (B)根据短文大意及空格提示的第一个字母，把单词拼写完整，使句子正确。 Most things can not be e (6)without f (7), but reading can. While we are sitting a (8)in our houses, we can t (9)around the whole world, and we can u (10)lots of things. We can talk with the persons hundreds of years ago. Though we may be not i (11), we can become the friends of g (12)men. Only books can give us these p (13). If you can not enjoy them, you are a p (14)person. If you enjoy them most, you will be the h (15)person in the world.(Keys: 15 BCDAA 6. enjoyed 7. friends 8. alone 9. travel 10. understand 11. important 12. great 13. pleasures 14. poor 15. happiest) b. 问答题所谓“问答题”，就是在短文、图文或图表材料后给出若干个问题，要求考生根据所给材料信息写出正确的答语。答句可以使用完整的句子，也可以使用能体现问题答案的省略句。例如：Nearly every parent says that we never grow up. In fact, we are maybe 16 or 17 years old. In their eyes, we are always little ones and always do wrong things. For example, when I need to stay at home, alone, they always worry about me and my life without them.Most parents always think that they have offered the best things they can to make their children live in a comfortable world. They buy their children pretty clothes, cool shoes, strange but expensive school things, and always a thousand-Yuan-cost bike. They think that they have done everything they can to their dear little children. In return, they only want their little boy to give them good results in the examinationsBut why their little babies still cant understand them? Why? Does it mean that they still want more material (物质的)things? No. As a matter of fact, what they want is a true family. What does a true family mean? I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world. From here, we can get warmth, we can get consolation(安慰), and we can get happiness. And one important thing is that we should be stronger and more confident(自信的) in the outside world because we know that we have a family.So I think that parents should save their money and sit down to talk with their child to let them know that they have a true family, so the child and his parents could understand each other more and more. Then, no boy will be regarded as a little boy.阅读短文, 回答问题。1. What are always like in our parents eyes?_2. What do parents expect of us when they give us so much?_3. Do children want a true family? What does a true family mean?_4. How can parents no longer regard us as little children?_(Keys: 1. In their eyes, we are always little ones (children) and always do wrong things. 2. They only want us to give them good results in the examinations/exam. 或Good results in the examinations/exam. 3. Yes. I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world. 或Yes. It is a place from where we can get warmth, we can get consolation, and we can get happiness. 4. They can talk with us and we can understand each other more and more.)c. 其他随着中学英语考试的不断发展，阅读理解传统的命题方式不断地暴露出它的局限性。为了迎合素质教育的要求，在近几年的中考英语试题中，出现了一些既考查知识又考查能力，而且形式新颖的“阅读理解”试题类型。例如：I Most people in Britain live in small family groups. More than a quarter of houses in Britain have only got one person in them. Some of these are old people but some are people of twenty to thirty who choose to live alone. 35% of houses have two people in them, and another 17% have three people. 15% have four people in them, and the other homes have five or more 1. According to the passage，which of the diagrams is right. (Keys: 1. A) 分析：本篇阅读材料采用了文字叙述与数字图形相结合的方式，形式新颖，别具一格。尤其值得称道的是，该小题将文字阅读与数学坐标进行有效结合，很好地体现了不同学科间知识的相互渗透，符合当今素质教育的发展和要求，是非常值得借鉴的，也是未来命题的趋势之一。 III阅读下面的短文，把AE五个句子填入文中空缺处(50 54)，使短文内容完整正确，然后完成第55题。 Plants are important living things. Life could not go on if there were no plants.50 But animals and men cant make food from them. 51 Men live on plants and animals too. So animals and men need plants to live. 52 If you look carefully at the plants around you, you will find there are many kinds of plants. 53 Most plants are green. Some plants have many small leaves; others have only a few large leaves. 54 They are different in shapes(形状)and colors.Except having different shapes and colors, leaves are also different in other ways. Some leaves have short stalks(叶柄)while others have long ones, some others have no stalks at all.A. That is why we find there are so many plants around us.B. There are many kinds of leaves.C. Animals get their food by eating plants and other animals.D. This is because plants can make food from air，water，and sunlight.E. Some plants are large while others are small.55. Which is the best title(题目)for this passage? (略) (Keys: 5054 D C A E B) 分析：从表面上来看，这道阅读理解题只是将五个备选句子填入短文中的空缺处。然而，考生只有在透彻理解短文的基础上，弄清上下文之间的关系，才能做出正确的选择。其命题实质上就是在语篇中考查学生上下文衔接的能力。IV阅读下面的短文，根据所给语境，按要求完成下面的题目。 Fresh (淡的)water is very important to people, animals, and plants. (82)If there is no water, we all could not live.Many places in the world need more fresh water.(83)Every country is trying to find ways to turn salt water into fresh water.In some places,(84)the sun is not hot enough, or it doesnt shine every day.In such places, (85)heating (加热), ways, sea water, used, can, other, be, of. These ways cost more money, but they work faster than the sun. By boiling(煮沸)sea water with high heat, a lot of fresh water can be made quickly. (86)但加热不是用海水制淡水的唯一方法。Other ways are tried. One way is freezing(冷冻). The fresh part of salt water freezes first. To get fresh water, the bits of ice are taken out.(87)哪种方法最佳？The one that gives the most water for the least money. It may be a different way for each place.A. 将82处的复合句改写成简单句。 82._ B. 将83、84两处的英文翻译成汉语。 83. _ 84. _ C. 将85处斜体部分的单词组成一个句子。 85. _D. 将86、87两处的汉语译成英文。 86. _ 87. _ (Keys: 82. We all couldnt live without water. 83. 各个国家都在设法寻找用海水制淡水的方法。(各个国家都在设法寻找将海水转化为淡水的方法。) 84. 太阳光热不很充足，或者不是每天都有阳光。 85. Other ways of heating seawater can be used. 86. But heating isnt the only way to get fresh water from salt water. (orto turn salt water into fresh water) 87. Which way is the best?)分析：看上去这是一道阅读理解题，其实它是一篇集阅读、词法、句法、翻译于一体的综合性题目，是对考生读、写、译综合水平的检测。此题充分体现了语言的综合性、应用性等特点，具有很强的创新性和导向性。 从考查内容上来看，“阅读理解”题目的设疑方式主要有以下几种：a. 查找事实、细节型这类题目主要包括事实识别、有关计算、识图、排列顺序等。一般地，这类题目可以直接从短文中找到可用的信息。这些问题一般都涉及到文章的“5W”，即 who(人物)，when(时间)，where(地点)， what(事件)，why(原因)，how(方式)等。题目设计大多直截了当。只要通读全文，注意文中所述的重要事实或细节，就可以做出正确解答。以图表材料命制的题目更是如此。例如：山东省烟台市中考“阅读理解”短文(D)中有下面这样一段话：He/She should have an interest in making pizza. More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a restaurant.针对这段文字，文后设有这样一道题：The ad (广告) tells us that _.A. the assistant must be a man.B. the assistant must have once worked in a restaurant.C. Pucci Pizza has branches all over China.D. Pucci Pizza is not in Taichung.【分析】本小题选项B的意思是“要招聘的这个人必须曾在饭馆工作过”。即要具有一定的从事餐饮业的经验。这与原文中叙述的事实“More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a