逻辑谬误PPT课件.ppt

.,1,LogicFallacies,AdMisericordiam文不对题FalseAnalogy错误类比HypothesisContrarytoFact与事实相反的假设PoisoningtheWell井下投毒,.,2,Definition:Thethemeisinconsistent,thecontentisirrelevant.,5.AdMisericordiam（文不对题）,.,3,Examples:“Hewaslatetotheclasstoday.”“Becausehewasscoldedbyhismotheryesterday.”“Haveyouhadlunch?”“Igotuplatethismorning,andunfortunatelyIfelldownfrommybikewhenridingtoschool.”,5.AdMisericordiam（文不对题）,.,4,5.AdMisericordiam（文不对题）,Examples:Maybeheisntqualifiedenoughforthisjob,butthinkabouthisrelationships,hisuncleisthemayor,andhisfatheristhechairmanofthecompanywhichhassteadybusinessrelationswithus.,.,5,6.Falseanalogy(错误类比),Definition:Manyargumentsrelyonananalogybetweentwoormoreobjects,ideas,orsituations.Ifthethingsthatarebeingcomparedarentreallyalikeintherelevantrespects,theanalogyisaweakone.,.,6,6.Falseanalogy(错误类比),ExmplesMindandrivers,canbebothbroad.Itisaknownfactthatthebroadertheriver,theshalloweritis.Therefore，itmustbetruethatthebroaderthemindis,theshalloweritis.Employeesandnailsarethesame.Asitisnecessarytohitnailsontheheadinordertomakethemwork,thesamemustbedonewithemployees.,.,7,6.FalseAnalogy（错误类比）,Exmples：Youngchildrenarelikeflowers-flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative.,.,8,7.Hypothesiscontrarytofact（与事实相反的假设）,Definition:ThehypothesisiscontradictorytotherealityExmples:IfIhadstudiedhard,Iwoulddefinitelyhavepassedthetest.,.,9,7.Hypothesiscontrarytofact（与事实相反的假设）,Examples：IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldneverhavesuchwonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV.Ifthegunpowderhadntbeeninvented,therewouldnthavebeensomanywarsintheworld.,.,10,8.PoisoningtheWell（井里下毒）,Definition:PoisoningtheWell,orspeaking“againsttheman”，inwhichthepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonaperson,insteadofofferingreasonstoshowwhywhathesaysisfalse.PoisoningtheWellisaspecialcaseofargumentumadhominem（人生攻击）,.,11,8.PoisoningtheWell（井里下毒）,ExamplesDontlistentoanywordfromhim,forheisamostshamefulcheateraroundtheworld.Thedefendantkilledthevictimcruelly,IsuggestLordsentencehimguilty.,.,12,Exercises1)Whentheinterviewerasksthejob-huntertomakeabriefself-introduction,herepliesthathehastofindajobtoaffordhisoldparentsandyoungchildrenwhoarenowsufferingfromhunger.(AdMisericordiam)（文不对题）2)Wecantakebooksandfoodinthetrain,thenshouldntwetakeabombwithusinthetrain?(FalseAnalogy)（错误类比）,.,13,3)WhenthenewteacheraskedPetertoanswerthequestion,Tomrosetohisfeetandsaid:“Peterisadunce,heknowsnothingaboutwhatyouaretalkingabout.”(PoisoningtheWell)（井下投毒）4)HowcouldyouhavepassedtheexamwhatifIhadnttoldyoutheanswerinadvance?(HypothesisContrarytoFact)（与事实相反的假设）,.,14,5)Sincewehavemoo