environment-pollution-PPT课件

.,1,ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION,.,2,CONTENTS:,Typesofpollution:AIRPOLLUTION.NOISEPOLLUTION.WATERPOLLUTION.THERMALPOLLUTION.MARINEPOLLUTION.SOILPOLLUTION.NUCLEARHAZARDS.GLOBALWARMING.ACIDRAIN.OZONELAYERDEPLETION,.,3,POLLUTION,Fornormalandhealthylivingaconductiveenvironmentisrequiredbyallthelivingbeings,includinghumans,livestock,plants,micro-organismsandthewildlife.EnvironmentalPollutioncan,therefore,bedefinedasanyundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemicalorbiologicalcharacteristicsofanycomponentoftheenvironment(air,water,soil),whichcancauseharmfuleffectsonvariousformsoflifeorproperty.,.,4,.,5,Itisanatmosphericconditioninwhichcertainsubstances(includingthenormalconstituentsinexcess)arepresentinconcentrationswhichcancauseundesirableeffectsonmanandhisenvironment.Thesesubstancesincludegaseousgssparticulatematter,radioactivesubstancesetc.Gaseouspollutantsincludeoxidesofsulfur,nitrogen（氮）carbonandorganiccompounds.Particulatepollutantsaresmoke,dust,soot煤烟,fumes,aerosols气雾剂,liquiddroplets,pollen花粉grainsetc.Thesourcesofairpollutionarenaturalandman-made.NaturalSources:Theyarevolcaniceruptions,forestfires,seasaltsprays,biologicaldecay,photochemicaloxidationofterpenes,marshes,extraterrestrialbodies,pollengrainsofflowers,spores,etc.,AIRPOLLUTION,.,6,Man-madeSources:Theyarethermalpowerplants,industrialunits,vehicularemissions,fossilfuelsburning,agriculturalactivitiesetc.Effectsofairpollution:Ithasadverseeffectonlivingorganisms&materials.Onhumanhealth,Plants,Aquaticlife&material.ControlofAirPollution:Itisminimizedbythefollowingmethods:Usinglowsulfurcoalinindustries.SitingofindustriesafterproperEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentstudies.Usingmasstransportsystem,bicycles.Shiftingtolesspollutingfuels.Usingnon-conventionalsourcesofenergy.Usingbiologicalfiltersandbio-scrubbers.Plantingmoretrees.,.,7,NOISEPOLLUTION,Wehearvarioustypesofsoundseveryday.Soundismechanicalenergyfromavibratingsource.Atypeofsoundmaybepleasanttosomeoneandatthesametimeunpleasanttoothers.Theunpleasantandunwantedsoundiscallednoise.Themainsourcesofnoisepollutionarevariousmodesoftransportation,industrialoperations,constructionactivities,celebrations&electrichomeappliancesEffectsofNoise:Noisecausesthefollowingeffects.Interfereswithmanscommunication.HearingdamagePhysiological&Psychologicalchanges.,.,8,ControlofNoisepollution:Reductioninsourcesofnoise.Useofsoundabsorbingsilencers.Plantingmoretreeshavingbroadleaves,.,9,.,10,.,11,.,12,WATERPOLLUTION,Waterpollutioncanbedefinedasalterationinphysical,chemicalorbiologicalcharacteristicsofwatermakingitunsuitablefordesigneduseinitsnaturalstate.Ground&Surfacewaterpollutionareitssources.EffectsofWaterPollution:Someimportanteffectsare,Oxygendemandingwastes.NitrogenandPhosphorusCompounds.Pathogens&ToxicCompounds.,.,13,ControlofWaterPollution:Useofnitrogenfixingplantstosupplementtheuseoffertilizers.Adoptingintegratedpestmanagementtoreducerelianceonpesticides.Separatedrainageofsewage&rainwatershouldbeprovidedtopreventoverflowofsewagewithrainwater.,.,14,.,15,.,16,THERMALPOLLUTION,Thermalpollutioncanbedefinedaspresenceofwasteheatinthewaterheatinthewaterwhichcancauseundesirablechangesinthenaturalenvironment.Heatproducingindustries,thermal&nuclearpowerplants,refineries,steelmills,etc.arethemajorsourcesofthermalpollution.Effectsofthermal:Thedissolvedoxygencontentofwaterisdecreasedassolubilityofoxygeninwaterisdecreasedathightemperatures.Toxicityofpests,detergents&chemicalsineffluenceincreaseswithincreaseintemperature.,.,17,Controlofthermalpollution:ThefollowingmethodscanbeemployedforcontrolofthermalpollutionCoolingpondsSpraypondsCoolingtowers,.,18,MARINEPOLLUTION,Themainsourcesofmarinepollutionare(i)rivers,whichbringpollutantsfromtheirdrainagebasins,(ii)Catchmentsareathatiscoastlinehumansettlementsintheformofhotels,industries,agriculturalpracticeshavebeenestablished,and(iii)oildrilling&shipments.CONTROLOFMARINEPOLLUTION:Toxicpollutantsfromindustriesandsewagetreatmentplantsshouldnotbedischargedincoastalwaters.Runofffromnon-pointsourcesshouldbepreventedtoreachcoastalareas.OilandgreasefromservicesstationshouldbeprocessedforreuseEcologicallysensitivecoastalareasshouldbeprotectedbynotallowingdrilling.,.,19,SOILPOLLUTION,Soilisupperlayeroftheearthcrustwhichisformedbyweatheringofrocks.Organicmatterinthesoilmakesitsuitableforlivingorganisms.Dumpingofvarioustypesofmaterialsespeciallydomesticandindustrialwastescausessoilpollution.Domesticwastesincludegarbage,rubbishmateriallikeglass,plastics,metalliccans,paper,paints,varnishes,etc.Industrialwastesarethedischargesfromchemicalindustries,paper&pulpmills,textilesmills,etc.Effectsofsoilpollution:Sewage&industrialeffluentswhichpollutethesoilultimatelyaffecthumanhealth.Varioustypesofchemicalslikeacids,fungicidesetc.inindustrialdischargesaffectsoilfertilitybychangesinphysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocess.,.,20,ControlofSoilPollution:1.Effluentsshouldbeproperlytreatedbeforedischargingthemonthesoil.2.Solidwastesshouldbeproperlycollectedanddisposedoffbyappropriatemethod.3.Fromwastes,recoveryofusefulproductsshouldbedone.,.,21,NUCLEARHAZARDS,Radioactivesubstancesarepresentinnature.Theyundergonaturalradioactivedecayinwhichunstableisotopesspontaneouslygiveoutfastmovingparticles,highenergyradiationsorboth,atafixedrateuntilanewstableisotopeisformedVarioussourcesradioactivitycanbegroupedinto.1.Naturalsources&2.Anthropogenic(man-made)sources.EffectsofRadiations:1.Geneticdamages.2.Somaticdamages.,.,22,ControlofNuclearpollution:Sitingofnuclearpowerplantsshouldbecarefullydoneafterstudyinglongterm&shorttermeffects.Properdisposalofwastesfromlaboratoryinvolvingtheuseofradioisotopesshouldbedone.,.,23,GLOBALWARMING,Troposphere,thelowermostlayerofat