急救培训(英文板).ppt

,FIRSTAID,FIRSTAID,Thisisthefirsthelp/assistancegiventoapersonwhoissick/injuredbeforemedicalhelpisobtained,Treatment,BASICPRINCIPLESOFRESCUSCITATIONDRABCDisDanger/safetyRisResponseAisforairways(mouthandnose)Bisforbreathing(chestexpansion)Cisforcirculation(checkforthepulse),THREEBASICPRINCIPLESOFFIRSTAID,1.DiagnosisHistory(Findoutwhathappened,when,whereandhow)Signs(Physicalfeaturesyoucanseeonthepatient,wound,vomiting,swelling,bleeding)Symptoms(thingsfeltbythepatient,pain,discomfort,dizzinessetc),2.TreatmentPreservelifePreventconditiongettingworsePromoterecovery3.DisposalSendingthepatienttothehospitaloranymedicalcenter,SKELETON,Thisistheframeworkofthebody;itsmadeupof206bones.TYPESLongbonesarmsandlegsHandandfoot(27bonesonthehand),SKELETON,Flatbonesskull,ribs,pelvis(theseareforprotection)Irregularbonesvertebrae(backbone)(26ofthem),CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM,Thecentralnervoussystemcontrolsallvoluntaryactivitiesandismadeupof:ThebrainGreaterbrain:forconsciousnesse.g.,CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM,Thelesserbrain:forbalancingBrainstem:forautonomicnervoussysteme.g.breathingThespinalcordtoconductimpulsestoandfromthebrainNervestotransportimpulsestoandfromthespinalcord,MUSCLES,Itistheredfleshofthebody,whichcarries50%ofthetotalweightofthebody.TYPESVoluntarymusclesthosethatarecontrolledbythewille.g.walking,running,stopping,smiling,laughingetc.Involuntarymusclesthosethatarecontrolledautomaticallye.g.breathing,blinkingoftheeye,FRACTURE,ThisisthebreakintheboneTYPESClosedfracture(simplefracture)Openfracture(compoundfracture)Allthesefracturescanbecomecomplicatedwhenthebonebreaksanddamagesothervitalorgans,FRACTURE,CAUSESDirectviolence(bonebreaksdirectlywhereforceisapplied)Transmittedviolence(bonebreaksawayfromwhereforceisapplied)Muscularaction(thisiscausesbythepullingofmuscles)Diseasesofthebone,SIGNSANDSYMPTOMS,P.I.D.A.C.I.S.S.SPainInabilityDeformity,SIGNSANDSYMPTOMS,AbnormalmovementCreptusIrregularitySwellinganddiscolorationShockduetopainandlossofbloodShortening,TREATMENT,Check.DRABCStopbleedingifanyTakesupportDressanywoundsImmobilizethefracturesothatYoupreventfurtherdamageYoulessenpainYoucaneasilycarrythepatienttohospital,DISLOCATION,ThisisthedisplacementoftheboneatajointTYPESClosedOpenSIGNSANDSYMPTOMSSeverepainDeformitySwellingFixation(nomovement)atajoint,TREATMENT,DonottrytostraightenitCheck.DRABCImmobilizejustasitisfoundandtakethepatienttothehospitalStopbleedingifanyTakesupport,TREATMENT,DressanywoundsImmobilizethedislocationsothatYoupreventfurtherdamageYoulessenpainYoucaneasilycarrythepatienttohospital,WOUNDS,ThisisacutorbreakintheskinTYPESContusedwound(thetissuesareburstopenbybluntforcee.g.ahammer),WOUNDS,Laceratedwound(thetissuesaretornapartbyroughsurfaces)Incisedwound(thesearecleancutwoundsusingaknifeorrazorblade)Puncturedwound(thesearedeepcutse.g.bulletwound,anailstraightintotheskin),DANGERSOFWOUNDS,LossofbloodTherecouldbeinternalbleedingInfections:TheobjectmaytransmitinfectionsDamagetointernalparts,TREATMENT,StopbleedingUsingdirectpressureUsingdigitalpointsUsingatourniquetWashyourhands(wearsurgicalgloves),TREATMENT,ExposethewoundApplytemporarydressingtopreventinfectionsCleantheareaawayandaroundthewoundApplyapermanentdressingandapressurebandageWedothisinordertostopinfectionsandbleedingSendthepatienttothehospital,BLEEDING/HEMORRHAGE,BleedingisthelossofbloodfromthebodyBloodismadeupoftwothingsPlasmafluidCells;RedbloodcellscarryingoxygenWhitebloodcellstofightagainstinfectionsPlateletswhichhelpwithclotting,ORGANSOFCIRCULATIONANDKINDSOFBLEEDING,HearttopumpbloodandhasfourchambersBloodvesselsArteriestocarrybloodawayfromtheheartCapillariestocirculatebloodaroundthebodyVeinstocarrybloodbacktotheheart,TYPESOFBLEEDING,TherearetwotypesofbleedingExternalbleeding(outsidebleeding)Internalbleeding(insidebleeding),TYPESOFBLEEDING,Oninternalbleedingwehavewhatiscalledconcealedandrevealedbleeding.Concealedbleedingisverydangerousbecausethepatientmaydieifnottakentothehospitalintime.,ArterialBleedingBleedingthroughtheartery,bloodwillcomeoutwithpressureanditwillbebrightredincolorbecauseitisrichinoxygen.CapillaryBleedingBleedingthroughthecapillary,thebloodwilloozeoutandcanstoponitsown.Thebloodwilllookdark.,VenousBleedingBleedingthroughtheveins,bloodwillflowoutinastreamandwilllookdarkredincolorsinceithaslostitsoxygen.NOTE:Whendonatingblood,bloodwillbetakenfromthepersonusingtheveinsandwillbegiventothepatientthroughtheveins.,SIGNSANDSYMTOMSOFBLEEDING(F.R.I.S),FaintnessgoingintocollapseRapidthreadpulse/weakpulseIncreasingpallorandrestlessnessShallowsighingrespiration,METHODSOFSTOPPINGBLEEDING,Directpressure(alwaysuseapad)DigitalpressureonthepressurepointsTemporalarteriesfoundneartheearwhenbleedingontheheadSub-clevianarteriesfoundonthecollarbone,whenbleedingontheupperarmBrachialarteriesfoundontheupperarm,whenbleedingonthelowerarm,FemoralarteriesfoundonthegroinwhenbleedingonthelegFacialarteriesfoundunderthechin,whenbleedingonthefaceOccipitalarteriesfoundatthebackofthehead,whenbleedingonthebackoftheheadTheuseofaninstrumentcalledatourniquet,TheuseofaninstrumentcalledatourniquetRubbertourniquetBandagetourniquetPlugging,PRECAUTIONSWHENUSINGATOURNIQUET,ApplyitwherethereisonlyoneboneAlwayspadtheareaReleaseitafter10-20minutesandtightenafter15secondsandifthebleedinghasstoppedleavethetourniquetloosebutdonttakeitaway.Accompanythepatienttothehospital,DANGERSOFTOURNIQUET,PainfulItcancausetissuedestructionItcancausedeathofthelimbItcanonlybeusedwherethereisonlyonebone,ADVANTAGES,ItcanstopbleedingatonceItcanstopmultiplebleedingononesinglelimbItcanstopbleedingasyouattendtotheotherpatientsorotherthingsItcanstopbleedingasyoutransportyourpatienttothehospital,SHOCK,Thisisthereductionofbloodcirculationaffectingthebrain,SHOCK,TYPESNervousshockcausebyfear,pain,badorgoodnewsHerethepatientwillhavethesamevolumeofbloodbuthasjustbeendrainedfromthebraintothelowerpartofthebody.How?Surgicalshockcausedbylossofbloodthroughinjuries,burns,anddiseases,SHOCK,SIGNSANDSYMPTOMSSweatingTalkativeandrestlessFaceandlipsturnpalePulseisweakandrapidColdandclammyskin(armsandlegs)UnconsciousnessShallowbreathing,SHOCK,WHATTODO/TREATMENTLaypatientflatonhisbackCheckairways,breathingandcirculationElevatethelegs,SHOCK,Coverthepatientwithablanket(dontoverheat)Givenothingbymouth(absorptionoffoodwillnottakeplace,thepatientmaygotothetheatre)ReassurethepatientSendthepatienttothehospital,UNCONSCIOUSNESS,Thisiswhenthebrainhasbeenthrownoutofitsnormalworkingorder.,UNCONSCIOUSNESS,LEVELSORSTAGESConfusion(youmayaskthepatientaquestionbuthemaygiveanegativeanswer),UNCONSCIOUSNESS,Stupor(patientcannotrespondbutmayrespondtopainfulstimulations)Coma(noresponseinanyway).Anypersoninacomawhengettingbacktoconsciousnesswillgothroughstuporthenconfusionandbacktonormal,CAUSES,HeadinjuryConcussionCompressionElectricshockEpilepsyConvulsionsHeatstroke,CAUSES,ShockExtremeColdSyncopeAlcoholabusePoisonDisease-diabetes,meningitis,cerebralmalaria,kidneyfailureHysteriaAsphyxia,TREATMENT,LaythepatientflatonhisbackChecktheairways,breathingandcirculationPutthepatientinasemiproneposition(recovery,comaposition),TREATMENT,Foreasyvomiting(incase)ForeasybreathingForquickrecoverySendthepatienttohospitalonastretcherinasemiproneposition,ASPHYXIA,Thisiswhenthereisinterferenceintheexchangeofgases(oxygenandcarbondioxide)inthelungs.CAUSESG.E.M.P,ASPHYXIA,Gasese.g.nitrousfumes,carbonmonoxide,sulphuratedhydrogen,methaneetc.ElectricShock,ASPHYXIA,Mechanicalobstructione.g.hanging,drowning,choking,falseteeth,bloodortorque,smotheringPoison(Nervous)e.g.drugs,snakebitesetc,SIGNSANDSYMTOMS,GaspingforairRestlessnessConvulsionswillfollowUnconsciousness(lessoxygeninthebrain)Thenbreathingwillstop,WHATTODO,RemovethepatientfromthecauseorthecausefromthepatientLaythepatientflatonhisbackChecktheairways,breathingandcirculationStartartificialrespirationMouthtomouth,WHATTODO,NosetomouthHiprollbackpressureUseinstrumentsAmbulancebagBrookairwaysPutthepatientinasemipronepositionandsendhimtohospital,GASES,Airmaybecomedangerousduetocontaminationwithgasesbroughtaboutby:BlastingUndergroundfiresBurningofexplosivesStagnantwaterLackofoxygeninillventilatedarea,GASES,NITROUSFUMES:Liberatedwhenblastingtakesplaceorwhenburningexplosives.SIGNS;-irritatingandwateringofthenoseandeyes,coughandpainsinthechest.LATESIGNS:-Breathlessnessandspittingofblood,GASES,CARBONMONOXIDE:Producedinundergroundfiresandwhenfiringofaircompressors.SIGNS;Nosmell,tasteorcolour,butverydeadly.Itcausesheadachesandgiddinessandthelegsgiveaway.Victimbecomesunconscious,breathingbeginstofail,ifnottreated,h