定语从句专题讲解

专题讲解： 定语从句一. 知识疏理：1. 定语从句2. 先行词3. 关系词的用法：包括关系代词与关系副词二. 专题讲解：一. 什么是定语从句？定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。e.g: Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.汤姆是一个用功的学生，他在班里总是第一名。（修饰名词student。）e.g: Football is played over 80 countries, which makes it popular.80多个国家都在踢足球，因此足球很流行。（修饰整个主句Football is played over 80 countries。）二. 先行词与关系词1. 什么是先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。e.g: Dont forget the book that I told you to bring.别忘了我让你带的书。（the book为先行词。）2. 什么是关系词： 引导定语从句的关联词为关系词，分为关系代词与关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，关系副词在定语从句中作状语。关系代词有： that, which, who, whom, whose关系副词有：where, when, why, e.g: I will never forget the days when I stayed in New York.注意：关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。在定语从句中，关系代词起着代词和连词的作用，关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。在定语从句中，关系词代替先行词，因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。下面的句子是错误的：This is the right book that you are looking for the book.（应去掉the book。）This is the right book that you are looking for it.（应去掉it。）常见的关系代词指代对象代指人代指物既可指人也可指物主格who, thatwhich, that, that宾格whom, that所有格whosewhose常见的关系副词指代对象先行词关系副词及相应介词结构时间时间先行词：day, year, date, timewhen, during which地点地点先行词：the place, the city, Beijingwhere, in which, from which原因原因先行词：the reasonwhy, that, for whiche.g: Our chemistry teacher is a man who/that can make his class lovely and interesting.我们的化学老师可以使他的课堂生动有趣。（who/ that在定语从句中作主语，代指人a man。）e.g: The books that/ which they bought were written by me.他们买的那些书是我写的。（that/which 在定语从句中作宾语，代指物 the books。）e.g: Make marks in places where you have questions.在你有问题的地方做出标记.（where为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语。）e.g: I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.我依然记得几十年前我们第一次见面的情景。（when为关系副词，在定语从句中作时间状语。）重点：关系代词选择三步骤： 步骤一：首先找出先行词。e.g: The book that/which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.你刚才放在高层书架上的书是我的。（the book是先行词，指物。）步骤二：确定先行词在从句中所作的成分。先行词the book在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语，因此选择指物的关系代词which/that作宾语。步骤三：确定关系代词的人称和数。在此处由先行词the book可知是第三人称单数，如果关系代词作主语，则从句的谓语动词相应用单数。三。关系代词的用法：常用关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 等。这些关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系代词主要起三种作用：代替先行词、在定语从句中作成分、连接先行词与定语从句。e.g: This is an old computer. It works much slower.这是一台旧电脑。它工作起来速度较慢。（普通代词it代替an old computer。）This is an old computer which/that works much slower.这是一台工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。（关系代词which/ that代替an old computer。）（1）who/whom的用法二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句只作宾语。e.g: In this earthquake, the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250 000.在这次地震中死亡的人数多达250 000。（who在定语从句中作主语。）e.g: The man whom you met just now is my friend.你刚才见到的那个人是我的朋友。（whom在定语从句作宾语。）（2）whose的用法：whose一般指人，但有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。e.g: Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的建议他可能会听。（whose在定语从句中作advice的定语。）Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个通过窗户可以俯看大海的房间。（whose在从句中作window的定语。）（3）which的用法：which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。e. g: Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩子喜欢的一项运动。（which在定语从句中作主语）e. g: This is the pen which he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的那支钢笔。（which在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）（4）that的用法: that指人或物，在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。指人时相当于who或whom,指物时相当于which.e. g: The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year is rising.每年来参观这个城市的人的数量在增多。（that在定语从句中当主语）e. g: Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?我今天上午见到的那个人在哪儿？（that在定语从句作宾语）四关系副词的用法: 常用的关系副词有where, when, why, that等。这些关系副词在定语从句中作状语。（1）where的用法：在定语从句中作地点状语，指代地点。此时常可用in which, on which, at which, to which等结构代替。e.g: Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.（Potato can be grown in places in which it is too cold to grow rice.）有些太冷不能种稻米的地方，可以种马铃薯。（2）when的用法：在定语从句中作时间状语，往往代指时间。此时常可用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。e.g: I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm.（I shall never forget the days on which we worked on the farm.）我永远也不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那些日子。（3）why的用法：why在定语从句中作原因状语。可以用for which代替。why不可引导非限制性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。e.g: I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因。（why在从句作原因状语。）（4）that的用法在表明方式、时间或地点的先行词后面，常用that来代替in which，when或where，that也可省去。that在句中不作任何成分，只起到引导定语从句的作用，修饰的先行词常为the way, the time, the day, the place等，此时也可换为其他相应的关系副词。 表示方式时。that（=in which）常省略。此时不能用how引导定语从句，但把the way去掉之后。可直接用how引导方式状语。e.g: Can you work out a way （that/ in which） we can solve this problem？你能找出一种我们可以解决这个问题的方法吗？（that在定语从句中不作成分。） 表示地点时，that（where介词which）也可省略。e.g: I have never been to the places（that/ where/ in which） the Indians live.我从未到过那些印第安人居住的地方。（that在定语从句中不作成分。） 表示时间时，that（=when=介词which）也可省略。e.g: I still remember the days （that/ when/on which） I helped my father on the farm.我仍然记得在农场上给我爸爸帮忙的日子。（that在定语从句不作成分。） 另外，关系副词that有时还可用来代替关系副词why，表示原因。e.g:The reason that（=why）he lost his life was lack of medical care.他的死是由于缺乏医疗护理。注意：在下面这个句子中，不能用why，只能用which或that。 I dont want to hear any reason （that/ which） you might give.我不想听你给出的任何理由。（在这个定语从句中，that/ which作定语从句中谓语动词give的宾语。）五。定语从句中需要注意的问题1. what，how不可引导定语从句 what本身是复合关系代词，等同于“先行词关系代词（which/that）”。因此不能用what引导定语从句。e.g: Time is what we demand most.（=Time is all (that) we demand most.）我们所需要的就是时间。Tell me what is happening.（=Tell me something that is happening.）告诉我正在发生什么事。She isnt what she used to be.（=She isnt the one (that) she used to be.）她不是过去的她了。 how为复合关系副词。本身等同于the way in which，因此，不能用how引导定语从句。e.g:I dont like how you behave.（=I dont like the way (that/ in which) you behave.）我不喜欢你行事的方法。This is how I worked out this problem.（=This is the way (that/ in which) I worked out this problem.）这就是我解出这道题的方法。2关系代词that和which的用法辨析that和which在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语，指物。作宾语时，均可省略。通常情况下，二者可互换使用。但有时却不宜随便互换。 宜用that的情况1）当先行词是all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything. none, nothing, some等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。e.g: Have you taken down everything that Mr Li has said ?（李老师所说的话你都记下来了吗？）e.g: There is little that I can do for you. （我几乎不能为你做任何事。）2） 先行词被序数词修饰时，只能用thate.g: The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. （他们在伦敦参观的第一站就是大笨钟。）3） 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，只能用thate.g: This is the best film that I have seen. （这是我看过的最好的电影。）4）当先行词有the only, the same, the very, 等词修饰时。e.g: These articles are the very ones that should be read.(这些文章才是应该读的。)Chatting was the only thing that interested her most. (聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。)5) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。e.g: Who is the person that is standing at the gate？(站在门口的那个人是谁？)6）当先行词有两个或两个以上，并且分别表示人和物时。e.g: She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.(她把她所感兴趣的人和物全拍摄了下来。)7) 当主句以here, there开头时。e.g: Here is a hotel that youve been looking for.(这就是你一直在找的旅馆。)There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken.(在角上还有一个空位。)六。典型例题分析：例题1Mr. Smith _ is smoking is looking for _ he lost yesterday.Awhom；whichBwho；whatCthat；whoDwhich；where例题2One of the most delicious drinks _ I like is orange juice.AwhichBthat CwhoseDwhom例题3We all like the story about the teacher _ happened in our school last week.A. whichBwho Cwhom Dwhat例题4. I know a place we can have a big meal.A. that B. where C. which D. what例题5. The designers helped us build the library are from the UK.A. which B. whom C. who D. whose例题6. There are lots of things I need to prepare before the trip.A. who B. that C. whom D. whose例题7. People often like clothes can make then look young.A. what B. that C. who D. in which例题8. The little boy was wrapping the present would be sent to his teacher.A. who B. that C. what D. /例题9. -There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister? -The one hat is yellow.A. who B. whose C. that D. which例题10. I shall never forget the day I spent with you.A. when B. that C. in which D. where七，专题练习：1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues.A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.A. when B. where C. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ .A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephone number is provided.A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget.A. when B. that C. what D. which7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely.A. when B. where C. which D. whose8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.A. which B. where C. when D. what9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all.A. which B. what C. that D. when10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside.A. as B. when C. until D. before11. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.A. It B. As C. Which D. What12. I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when, which B. that, which C. wh