医学英语术语学及应用.ppt

医学英语术语学及应用,ChapterOne,AnEtymological(词源的)StudyofEnglishLanguage,Indo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluences,EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages,averybroadlanguagefamilyincludingmostoftheEuropeanlanguagesspokentoday.Thewordforfathervater(inGerman),pater(inGreek),pedarin(Persian),pater(inLatin),andpitr(inSanskrit),Indo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluences,Incaseoftheword“brother”,itisofsimilarnature.InGreekitisphrater,inLatinfrater,inSanskritbhratar,inFrenchfrereandinGermanbruderOfallthedifferentbranchesinIndo-Europeanfamily,twoareofparamountimportance,theGermanicandtheRomance.EnglishisintheGermanicgroupoflanguages.,OldEnglish(450-1100),TheAngles,Saxons,andJutesfromnorthernGermany,DenmarkandnorthernHollandinvadedBritishIslesandbegantopopulatethoseareas.Anglo-Saxons,OldEnglish(450-1100),theoriginal,Celtic-speakinginhabitantsoutofwhatisknowEnglandScotland,Wales,CornwallandIreland,leavingbehindafewCelticwords.,OldEnglish(450-1100),Theinvaderslanguage,Anglo-Saxon,developedintowhatweknowasOldEnglishwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,andstrongderivefromOldEnglishroots,TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500),WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandy,subsequentlyKingWilliamI,invadedandconqueredEnglandandtheAnglo-Saxonsin1066.TheyspokeadialectofOldFrenchknownasAnglo-Norman.TheNormanswerealsoofGermanicstockandAnglo-NormanwasaFrenchdialectthathadconsiderableGermanicinfluencesinadditiontothebasicLatinroots.,TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500),TheinfluenceoftheNormans:beefandcowBeefAnglo-NormanCowGermanThemixtureofthetwolanguages:MiddleEnglish,EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800),ThenextwaveofinnovationinEnglishcamewiththeRenaissance.ManyclassicalLatinandGreekwordswerebroughtintotheLanguage:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,andmusicWilliamShakespeare,LateModernEnglish(1800-Present),TheprincipaldistinctionbetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLatemodernEnglishisvocabulary.Twohistoricalfactors:IndustrialRevolutionandtheBritishEmpireNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greekroots),LateModernEnglish(1800-Present),Horsepower,airplane,typewriter(Englishroots)Thisburstofneologismcontinuestoday,visibleinthefieldofelectronicsandcomputers:cyber-,bios,hard-drive,andmicrochip,LateModernEnglish(1800-Present),Inaddition,theriseoftheBritishEmpireandthegrowthofglobaltradeservednotonlytointroduceEnglishtotheworldbuttointroducewordsintoEnglish.Finally,the20thcenturysawtwoworldwars,andthemilitaryinfluenceonthelanguage,ChapterTwo,AnEtymologicalStudyofMedicalEnglishBasedontheirorigin,medicaltermscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:nativeandborrowed.,WordsEvolvedfromOldEnglish,OldEnglishisbelievedtohaveessentiallydevelopedfromdialectspokenbytheAnglo-Saxons.MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenoteanatomicstructures,organs,substances,andbasicconceptsofhumanactivities.,AnatomicWords,WordsDenotingConcepts,WordsOriginatedfromGreek,FromGreek,EarlyModernEnglishreceivedgrammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,andmusic.AndmedicalterminologyisoneoftheareasthathavebeeninfluencedbyGreek.,WordsOriginatedfromGreek,WordsOriginatedfromLatin,TheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktotheRomanEmpire.Withtheexpansion,theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire.GreaterinfluencewasexertedaftertheNormanConquest.,WordsOriginatedfromLatin,WordsBorrowedfromFrench,AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AgreatnumberofFrenchwords,includingthoseusedinmedicalworks,tooktheirro