英语国家社会与文化入门(上)Unit_20_From_Racism_to_Multiculturalism.ppt

Unit20FromRacismtoMulticulturalism,Ethnicityandimmigration(种族特点与移民),Migrationhasaccountedforupto50%ofAustraliaspopulationincrease.Duringthemiddleofthe19thcenturymigrantswerepredominantlyBritishandthosewhobenefitedfromassistedmigration(资助移民计划)werealmostallfromBritain.Thegoldrushesfromthe1850sattractedlargenumbersofnon-assistedmigrants(非资助移民)fromGermanyandChina.Bythe1870s,theChineseconstitutedthe3rdlargestgroupinAustralia,aftertheBritishandGermans.,PacificIslanderswerekidnappedandbroughttoNorthQueenslandtobesoldasindenturedlabourerstoworkinthesugarindustry(太平洋岛民被绑架到昆士兰北部卖给蔗糖业做包身工).ButlaterthePacificIslandLabourersAct1901requestedthatPacificIslandersshouldbesentbacktoheirhomeislands(1901年的太平洋岛国劳工法案要求太平洋岛民被遣送回自己的岛国),Afterthe2ndWorldWar,theLaborGovernmentintroducedamassiveprogramofassistedimmigration(大规模的移民计划),aimedatsupportingalargescaleexpansionoftheeconomy,defendAustraliaagainstthethreatofEasternCommunismandkeepAustralia“whiteandfree”(目的是支持经济的大规模扩张,保卫澳大利亚免受东方共产主义的威胁，保持澳大利亚的种族纯净和自由).ThepreferredmigrantgroupswereBritish,followedbyothernorthern,thensouthernandcentralEuropeans.,WhiteAustraliaPolicy(白澳政策),Thisbadgefrom1906showstheuseoftheexpressionWhiteAustraliaatthattime,TheWhiteAustraliapolicycomprisesvarioushistoricalpoliciesthatintentionallyrestrictednon-whiteimmigrationtoAustraliafrom1901to1973.Competitioninthegoldfields,labourdisputesandAustraliannationalismcreatedanenvironmentofracialantagonismduringthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturywhichledtothepassageoftheImmigrationRestrictionActin1901,oneofthefirstActsofthenewnationalparliamentuponfederation.ThepassageofthisbillisconsideredthecommencementoftheWhiteAustraliaPolicyasAustraliangovernmentpolicy.SubsequentactsfurtherstrengthenedthepolicyuptothestartofWorldWarII.,ThepolicywasdismantledinstagesbysuccessivegovernmentsaftertheconclusionofWorldWarII,withtheencouragementoffirstnon-Britishandlaternon-whiteimmigration.From1973on,theWhiteAustraliapolicywasforallpracticalpurposesdefunct,andin1975theAustraliangovernmentpassedtheRacialDiscriminationAct,whichmaderacially-basedselectioncriteriaillegal.,Multiculturalism(多元文化主义),Multiculturalismwasadoptedin1973.Itwascomprisedof3areasofpolicy:CulturalIdentity(文化身份),whichmeanstherighttoexpressandshareonesculturalheritage;SocialJustice(社会公正),therighttoequaltreatmentandopportunity;andEconomicEfficiency(经济效益),theneedtomaintainanddeveloptheskillsofallAustraliansregardlessoftheirbackgrounds.,TheSpecialBroadcastingService(SBS)televisionchannel(特殊广播节目电视台)beganbroadcastingin1980.Itcurrentlybroadcastsin68languagesandprovidesavarietyofprogramsforethnicminoritygroups(少数民族群体).,PaulineHansonandtheOneNationParty（波林汉森和“同一国家党”）,PaulineLeeHanson(born27May1954)isanAustralianpoliticianandformerleaderofPaulineHansonsOneNation,apoliticalpartywithapopulistandanti-immigrationplatform.In2006,shewasnamedbyTheBulletinasoneofthe100mostinfluentialAustraliansofalltime.,OneNationisafar-rightandnationalistpoliticalpartyinAustralia.Itgained22percentofthevotetranslatingto11of89seatsinQueenslandsunicamerallegislativeassemblyatthe1998stateelectionandmademajorinroadsintothevoteoftheexistingparties.Federally,thepartypeakedatthe1998electionon9percentbutprogressivelylostgroundatthe2001and2004elections.,MigrationtoAustraliatoday（如今涌向澳大利亚的移民）,CountriesofbirthofAustralianestimatedresidentpopulation,2006.Source:AustralianBureauofStatistics,AccordingtotheAustralianBureauofStatistics16inmid-20064,956,863oftheAustralianresidentpopulationwerebornoutsideAustralia,representing24%ofthetotalAustralianresidentpopulation.NorthernEuropeanandAsianAustralianssharemuchthesameoccupationalcharacteristicsasAustralianbornworkerswhileSouthernandEasternEuropeansandMiddleEastermigrantsoccupythelowerrangeofoccupations.,Fourstagesofthesettler-Aboriginalrelations(殖民者与土著人的关系发展的4个阶段),1)expropriationoflandandthekillingofthePeoples(没收土地，残杀土著人);2)Segregationand“Protection”(种族隔离与“保护”)3)Assimilation,segregationandtheattempteddestructionoftheculturesoftheDreaming(同化、种族隔离和企图毁坏土著人的梦创文化);,4)fromthemid20thcentury:citizenshipandthefightagainstracism.(从20世纪开始：给予公民权，反对种族歧视)*TheAboriginalProtectionActof1909introducedpowerstomovepeopleawayfromtownsandreserves(1909年的土著人保护法允许将土著人从城镇和保护地带走).,FreedomRides(自由乘车运动)Inthemid-1960s,anaboriginaluniversitystudentledagroupofwhiteuniversitystudentstotheoutback(内地,指澳大利亚等偏僻而人口稀少的地方)ofAustraliatodemonstrateagainstracialsegregation.TheiractivitieshelpedtoraisethepublicawarenessofracismandsegregationinAustraliansociety,anddemonstratedtheneedforsocialchange.,ThestruggleforLandRightsfortheIndigenouspeople(为土著人争取土地权的斗争),OnJanuary26,1938,theaboriginalpeoplegatheredinSydneysAustraliaHalltomournthelossoftheirlandsandtodemandthesamebasicrightsastherestofthepopulation.Itwasthe1stnationalAboriginalcivilrightsgathering.Theycallitthe“DayofMourningandProtest”(“哀悼与抗议日”：对澳大利亚原住民来说，1788年1月26日是白人对他们的土地占领的开始。从那以后，他们失去土地，在自己的土地上丧失了基本的生存权利。因此，这一天成为他们的哀悼与抗议日),TheMaboDecision(马博裁决),In1982,EddieMaboandtwootherTorresStraitIslanderstooklegalproceedingstoclaimthetraditionalrightstothelandtheyhadbeenlivingon.In1997,4monthsafterEddieMabodied,theHighCourtfoundinfavourofMabo.Thefindingishistoricallyandpoliticallysignificantbecauseitrejectstheprincipleof“terranullius”.1982年，埃迪马博和两名托雷斯海峡岛民提起诉讼，要求法律赋予他们对他们赖以生存的这片土地的所有权。1997年，在马博去世4个月之后，最高法院判马博胜诉.这一裁决在历史上和政治都具有重大意义，因为它摒弃了“无人居住论”.,TheWikDecision(威克裁决),In1996theWikPeoplesofCapeYorkPeninsulatooktheStateofQueenslandtotheHighCourtofAustralia(生活在昆士兰州约克角西部的威克人将昆士兰州告上了澳大利亚的最高法院).TheWikPeoplewereclaimingrightsovertwopastoralleasesinNorthernQueensland(威克人要求得到昆士兰北部的两块租赁牧场的土地所有权).Thecourtfoundthatthepastoralistsweretheholdersoftheleasesofthelandandhadnotbeengranted“exclusivepossession”andtheirpastoralactivitiesdidnotnecessarilyextinguishallindigenousrightsandinterests(法庭认为大牧场主只是土地的租借者，他们并未得到土地的“全部占有权”，而且他们的畜牧活动并不能中止原住民对土地的权利和利益).,TheHistoryWars(“历史战争”-对澳大利亚历史的争议),TheHistorywarsinAustraliaareanongoingpublicdebateovertheinterpretationofthehistoryoftheBritishcolonisationofAustraliaanddevelopmentofcontemporaryAustraliansociety(particularlywithregardtotheimpactonAboriginalAustraliansandTorresStraitIslanders).Ithasresemblancestodebatesinothercountries.1TheAustraliandebateoftenconcernstheextenttowhichthehistoryofEuropeancolonisationpost-1788andgovernmentadministrationsinceFederationin1901maybecharacteriseda