[Positive-Psychology积极心理学课件ppt]1504-03-beliefs.ppt

BeliefsasSelf-FulfillingProphecies,RogerBannister,Outline,BeliefsshaperealityHowitworksOptimizingoptimismRaisingourbeliefs,Wearewhatwethink.Allthatweareariseswithourthoughts.Withourthoughts,wemakeourworld.TheBuddha,Pygmalion,Pygmalion,Pygmalionintheclassroom(RobertRosenthal)Intheworkplace,Jamieson(1987),“Treatamanasaheisandhewillremainasheis.Treatamanashecanandshouldbeandheshallbecomeashecanandshouldbe.”JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,ThePoweroftheSituation,MilgramsObediencetoAuthority,ZimbardosPrisonExperiment,The(Positive)PoweroftheSituation,menabove75weekin“1959”resortmentalandbiologicalagedecreasesLanger(1989)testingeyesightImproveswithrole,Langer(1979),PositivePriming,Bargh(1999)Dijksterhuis&VanKnippensberg(1998)Creatingapositiveenvironmentpictures(people,places,etc)pleasantobjects(memorabilia,flowers,etc)quotes,TheSelf-HelpMovement,“Whateveryourmindcanconceiveandbelieveitcanachieve”NapoleonHill,“Whetheryouthinkyoucanorcantyouareright.”HenryFord,TheSelf-HelpMovement,“Havegreathopesanddaretogoalloutforthem.Havegreatdreamsanddaretolivethem.Havetremendousexpectationsandbelieveinthem.”NormanVincentPeale,AlbertBanduraonSelfEfficacy,“Beliefsinpersonalefficacyaffectlifechoices,levelofmotivation,qualityoffunctioning,resiliencetoadversityandvulnerabilitytostressanddepression.”“Peoplewhoregardthemselvesashighlyefficaciousact,think,andfeeldifferentlyfromthosewhoperceivethemselvesasinefficacious.Theyproducetheirownfuture,ratherthansimplyforetellit.”,CultivatedovertimeCurry(1997)oncollegeathletes,NathanielBrandenonSelf-Esteem,“Thelevelofourself-esteemhasprofoundconsequencesforeveryaspectofourexistence:howweoperateintheworkplace,howwedealwithpeople,howhighwearelikelytorise,howmuchwearelikelytoachieveand,inthepersonalrealm,withwhomwearelikelytofallinlove,howweinteractwithourspouse,children,andfriends,whatlevelofpersonalhappinessweattain.”,“Selfconceptisdestiny.”,ThePlaceboEffect,BeliefsasSelf-fulfillingProphecies,BeliefsExpectations,Performance,Motivation,Consistency,Interpretation,Objective,Subjective,“Ifailedmywaytosuccess”ThomasEdison,OptimismandPessimism(Seligman),InterpretationstyleSuccess,Mental/physicalhealthimmunesystemresiliencehappinesslongevityItcanbelearned!,OptimizingOptimism,Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs?,OptimizingOptimism,Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs?TheStockdaleParadoxPositivethinkingisnotenough,“Falseoptimismsoonerorlatermeansdisillusionment,angerandhopelessness.”AbrahamMaslow,The“Secret”ofSuccess,Optimism,passion,hardwork.,“Thereisnosubstituteforhardwork.”ThomasEdison,“Iamagreatbelieverinluck,andIfindthattheharderIwork,theluckierIget.”ThomasJefferson,WhatAboutHappinessandSelf-Esteem?,Dohighexpectationsleadtodisappointment?,Self-esteem=success/pretensionsWilliamJames,CopingversusAvoidance,OnBecomingAnOptimist,Justdoit!(action)Imaginethat(visualization)Cognitivetherapy(rationalthinking),TakingAction(Bandura),HardWorkCoping,Success,Self-Efficacy,Todareistoloseonesfootingmomentarily.Nottodareistoloseoneself.SorenKierkegaard,ImaginingSuccess,Themindassimulator(Kosslyn,1994)FocusonjourneyanddestinationInvolvedifferentsensesEvokeemotions,CognitiveTherapy,ThoughtsdriveemotionRestoringrationalityHighlyeffectiveAnacquiredskill,TheTenCognitiveDistortions(DavidBurns),1.All-or-nothingthinking2.Over-generalization3.Mentalfilter4.Disqualifyingthepositive5.JumpingtoconclusionsMindreadingFortunetelling6.Magnifyingorminimizing7.Emotionalreasoning8.Shouldormuststatements9.Labeling10.Personalizationandblame,ExtremelyHappyPeople(DienerandSeligman,2002),EveryoneexperiencesnegativeemotionsDifferentcognitiveinterpretations(pessimistsvs.optimists)Self-fulfillingpropheciesSpiralingdownorup,Ayres,J.&Hopf,T.(1992).Visualization:ReducingSpeechAnxietyandEnhancingPerformance.CommunicationReports,5,1-10.Bandura,A.(1999).PerceivedSelf-EfficacyinCognitiveDevelopmentandFunctioning.EducationalPsychologist,28(2),117-148.Benson,H.(1997).TimelessHealing.Scribner.Burns,D.(1999).FeelingGood:TheNewMoodTherapy.Avon.Langer,E.(1989).Mindfulness.Addison-Wesley.Leahy,R.L.(2003).CognitiveTherapyTechniques:APractitionersGuide.GuilfordPublication.White,S.S.&Locke,E.A.(2000).ProblemswiththePygmalionEffectandSomeProposedSolutions.Leade