《名词解释》PPT课件

CSE410:ComputerSystems,Instructor:DavidEly(elycs)OfficeHours:Sieg226DTAs:JiwonKim(jwkimcs)andTaoXie(taoxiecs)OfficeHours:JiwonMF2-3(Sieg226A),TaoM1:30-2:30andTh12-1(Sieg226A)Webpage:/410MailingList:cse410cs,Administrative,TextbooksArchitecturecomponent:ComputerOrganizationandDesign:TheHardware/SoftwareInterface,2ndedition.HennessyandPatterson.OperatingSystems:DesignAndImplementation,SecondEditionbyAndrewS.TanenbaumandAlbertS.WoodhullAnonymousfeedback,MoreAdministrative,Schedule(onwebpage):weeks1+2:Intro,MIPSassemblyweek3+4:Speedingthingsup(pipelining,thememoryhierarchy)Midterm:Monday,October30thweeks5-10:Operatingsystemsweek11:Wrapup,reviewFinal:Wednesday,December13th,8:30am,YetMoreAdministrative,Grading9Homeworks:40%(droplowest)Midterm:25%Final:35%HomeworkpolicydueatthebeginningofclassonWednesdaynolateworkacceptedpreferablytyped,neatlywrittenisacceptablehighlevelcollaborationonly(writenamesofcollaboratorsonyourassignments)CheatingDontdoit,9/25:LectureTopics,AdministrativestuffAnoverviewofcomputerarchitectureOrganizationvs.architectureLevelsofabstractionThehierarchyofcomputerlanguagesSomeexamplearchitecturesAnintroductiontoMIPS,ArchitectureOverview,Howdoyoutalktoacomputer?Whatdocomputershaveinthem?Howdocomputersexecuteprograms?Howcanwespeedupexecution?Whataretodayshottopicsinarchitecture?,Computerese,Bits=binarydigitsInstruction=setofbitsformingacommandPeopleusedtowritethesebyhand.,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,01110101110101001101000110010110,MachineLanguageisTedious,0110100011100110011000110101010101101010110101010101011010100010100001111101010001010100101010101000010010101110010101010100110101010101000101010110101000101010101010100010101011101010101010010101001000000101010100100101010101011100001010100010101001010,WritingthisishardDebuggingthisisimpossible,Solution#1:Assembly,Assemblylanguageisjustlikemachinelanguage,butmorecomfortableforhumans,becomes,addA,B,01110101110101001101000110010110,AssemblyisAlsoTedious,EachlinecorrespondstooneinstructionProcedurecallisapainForcestheprogrammertothinklikethecomputer,subu$sp,$sp,32sw$ra,20($sp)sw$fp,16($sp)addu$fp,$sp,28li$a0,10jalfactla$a0,$LCmove$a1,$v0jalprintflw$ra,20($sp)lw$fp,16($sp)addu$sp,$sp,32,Sol.#2:HighLevelLanguages,ProgrammercanthinkmorenaturallyDifferentlanguagesfordifferentusesPortabilityEnablesoftwarereuse(libraries),TowerofBabel,Cprogram,assemblylanguage,machinelanguage,Ccompiler,assembler,for(i=0;iN;i+)Ai+;,lw$t0,1200($t1)add$t0,$s2,$t0sw$t0,1200($t1),001011011010110011010101110101010101,Organizationvs.Architecture,Architecture:interfacebetweenhardwareandsoftwaree.g.theinstructionset,registers,howtoaccessmemoryOrganization:componentsandconnectionse.g.how“mult”isimplementedManyorganizationsforonearchitectureIntelx86,Pentium,PentiumPro,ComputerOrganization,thechip,systembus,level2cache,mainmemory,input/output,level1cache,registers,functionalunits,control,PC,ComponentsofComputers,Theprocessor,orthechip,includes:Functionalunits:logictomanipulatebitsControl:logictocontrolthemanipulationRegistersandProgramCounter(PC)FirstlevelcacheSecondlevelcacheMemoryOtherdevicesforinputandoutput:disks,etc.,InstructionSetArchitecture(ISA),AllofthespecificationsnecessarytoprogramthemachineWhatinstructionsdoesthemachineunderstand?Howdotheinstructionsneedtobeformattedintobits?Howmanyregisters?Howbigismemory?Howismemoryaddressed?ThisshouldbecomeclearerwithMIPS,ArchitectureFamilies,IBM360,370,etc.IBMPowerPC(601,603,etc.)DECPDP-11,VAXIntelx86(80286,80386,80486,Pentium,etc.)Motorola680 x0MIPSRx000,SGISunSparcDecAlpha(21x64),TheBiggerPicture,hardware,OS,machineprogram,highlevellanguageprogram,ISAinterface(e.g.MIPS,Alpha,80 x86),OSinterface(systemcalls),Perface(C,Java),InstructionSets,Anassemblylanguagehasa“vocabulary”ofcommandsadd,subtract,shift,branch,etc.ThesetofcommandsformstheinstructionsetComputerarchitectsargueaboutwhatshouldbeincluded,RISCvs.CISC,Someinstructionsetsarelargeandhavecomplexinstructions:CISCComplexInstructionSetComputerOthersetsaresmallandhaveonlysimpleinstructions:RISCReducedInstructionSetComputerMoreonthisafteryouveseenMIPS,MIPS,TheInstructionSetArchitecture(ISA)wellbestudyingARISCarchitecturePopularforreallifeNEC,Nintendo,SGI,SonyPopularforclasseslikethisonereasonablysimpleandelegantabout100instructionstotal,Operations,Arithmeticadd,sub,mult,divDatatransferlw,sw,lb,sbConditionalbranchbeq,bne,sltJumpj,jr,jal,ArithmeticOperations,Desiredresult:,MIPSassembly:,a=b+c,adda,b,c,Conventions:AlwaysthreevariablesResultgoesintofirstvariableHowdoyouaddupmorethantwovariables?,Desiredresult:,MIPSassembly:,a=b+c+d,?,MoreThanTwoVariables,FormmorecomplexoperationsbycombiningsimpleonesYoucanreusethesamevariableinmorethanoneplace,Desiredresult:,MIPSassembly:,adda,b,cadda,a,d,a=(b+c)+d,AComplexArithmeticExample,Desiredresult:,MIPSassembly:,f=(g+h)-(i+j),Registers,Variablesareahigh-levellanguageconceptInassembly,weuseregistersAspecialplaceonthechipthatcanholda(32-bit)wordThereareonlyafewofthemTheyareveryfasttoaccess,HowManyRegisters?,MIPShas32registersIntelx86hasonly4or8general-purposeregistersWhydoesthenumbermatter?Anydatayouusehas