《无主句的翻译》PPT课件

汉语无主句的英译初探,Preparedby龚俊平，段晓鑫，范鹰，邱艳,Abstract:,InChinese,thereisatypeofsentencesknownasnon-subjectsentencesanditisquiteoftenused.Forinstance,“下雨了。”“估计这需要十万美元。”“小心轻放。”，etc.However,thereisnonon-subjectsentenceinEnglish.Therefore,intranslationwehavetotranslateChinesenon-subjectsentencesintovariousEnglishsentences.,Non-subjectsentence,无主句是指没有主语的句子，这类句子的特点是从结构上看它们只有谓语部分而没有主语。(汉英翻译教程，1983；65）汉语中有大量的无主句，它是十分常见的句式之一。汉语无主句有着以下特征：1.语义简洁、明了、不拖沓；2.虽然没有主语，但是，其主语要么是不言而喻的；要么是在上下文中已经表达明白了的；要么是泛指的人或事物；要么是在语境中已经确定了的；3.在诸如公文体、科技体等正式语体中无主句大量使用；4.书面语的无主句常常具有严肃性、权威性的特点；5.指令性（含禁令性）语句，大量使用无主句加以表达。（新编汉英翻译教程，2004；129）,Themostoftenusedtechniques,运用倒装句式运用英语的被动结构采用祈使句式译成英语的存在句therebe采用形式主语it适当主语的增补,祈使句,被动句,与,1.祈使句imperativesentence,ImperativesentencesexistinbothEnglishandChinese.SowhentranslatingChineseimperativesentence,youcantranslateaccordingly.鉴于英语中也有祈使句,主语也同样不出现,汉语中的祈使句在英译时可以照译不误.Sentensesthatgiveorderorforbidarealwayswithoutsubject.Thesesentencesareoftenappearedinlaw,illustration,orders,etc.指令句型order和禁令句型forbidden有很多是无主句。这些句子经常用于法律文书、说明文书、实验指南、招牌说明、包装物的指示说明以及各种指令等文体。英语的祈使句通常也可以用于指令和禁令的表达。因此，指令型和禁令型无主句中有许多可以译成英语的祈使句。,eg.,1.请勿践踏草坪!Pleasekeepoffthelawn!2.宁为鸡首，不为牛后。Betterbetheheadofanassthanthetailofaahorse.3.打得赢就打，打不赢就走Fightwhenyoucanwin,andmoveawaywhenyoucannot.4.小心轻放Handlewithcare.,2.被动句passivesentence,采用英语被动结果翻译的汉语无主句一般有三种情况。1.某些表示规定和要求的无主句eg.公共场所禁止吸烟。Smokingisforbiddeninpublicplaces.必须清除行政管理中的官僚现象。Theadministrativemanagementmustbecleansedofbureaucracy.要广泛动员中小学生学习科普知识。Primaryschoolandhighschoolstudentsshouldbemobilizedtolearnpopularscienceknowledge.,存在句句型and形式主语it,III.采用以下三种方法,存在句Therebe句型形式主语Itbeto句型分裂句Itbethat句型,存在句Therebe句型Itisusedforthosefacts,proverbs,orphilosophicsentencesinChinese.,总之，是两点不是一点。Inshort,therearetwoaspects,notjustone.没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。Withoutfacility,therewouldbenodifficulty,withoutdifficulty,therewouldalsobenofacility.,形式主语Itbeto句型,要成功就要付出劳动。Itwillcostyoumuchlabortosucceedinanything.要是去参观那个展览会会很有意思。Itwouldhavebeenamusingtohavegonetotheexihibition.,分裂句Itbethat句型Itisusedtoemphasizecertainparts,andwordslikejust,onlyoftenleadsuchnon-subjectsentences.,正是为了减少摩擦力才把机器部件上了油。Itisforthepurposeoflesseningfrictionthatweoilthemachineparts.就是只有在使用雷达时，才能把远距离的轮廓显示在接收机的荧光屏上。Itisonlywhenradarismadeuseofthattheoutlinesofdistantobjectscanbeshownontheviewingscreenofthereceiver.,Translationofthenon-subjectsentence,Examples:随着一声吼叫,呼地从树林里窜出一只老虎来.Followingtheroar,outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.,Translationofthenon-subjectsentence,2.山里住着个虔诚的老和尚Inthemountainlivedanolddevoutmonk.Compare:Aolddevoutmonklivedinthemountain.,Translationofthenon-subjectsentence,3.地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜、铅、锌Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,lead,andzinc.,Translationofthenon-subjectsentence,4.就在他们的试管中，放着世界上最早的部分纯化的镭的样品Hereinthebottomoftheirtesttubelaytheworldsfirstpartiallypurifiedsampleofradium.,Translationofthenon-subjectsentence,前头坐着一位老人.Aheadsatanoldman.以下是代表的名单Thefollowingisalistofthedelegates.,增补主语,Theprinciples:context&collocationusage&requirement,Examples:,不承认这一条真理，就不是共产主义者。Anyonewhodoesnotrecognizethistruthisnocommunists.沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。Silence,silence!Unlessweburstout,weshallperishinthissilence.知己知彼，百战不殆。Knowtheenemyandknowyourself,andyoucanfightahundredbattleswithnodangerofdefeat.Knowledgeofenemyandoneselfenablesonetofightahundredbattleswithoutperil.,Continue:,积极推广以互信互利、平等写作为核心的新型安全观Weshouldadvocatethenewsecurityconceptwithmutualconfident,mutualbenefitandequitablecooperationasthecore.在这里，可以听到最荒唐的新闻，如某处的大蜘蛛怎么成了精，受了雷击。Intheteahouseonecouldhearthemostabsurdstories,suchashowinacertainplaceahugespiderhadturnedintoademonandwasthenstruckbylightening