【考试宝典】2014年职称英语考试卫生类阅读判断练习题(二)

【考试宝典】2014年职称英语考试卫生类阅读判断练习题（二）Using HIV Virus to Cure CancerScientists are planning to use human immunodeficiency(免疫缺陷)virus(HIV)，one of mankinds most feared viruses，as a carrier of genes which can fight cancer and a range of diseases that cannot be cured.The expels say HIV has an almost perfect ability to avoid the bodys immune(免疫的)defenses，making it ideal for carrying replacement genes into patientsbodies，according to the ObservefA team at the California-based Salk Institute，one of the worlds leading research centers on biological sciences，has created a special new breed of HIV and has started negotiations with the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to begin clinical gene therapy(治疗)trials this year.The first trials are expected to involve patients suffering from cancers that cannot be cured by surgery although project leader Professor Inder Verma said the HIV technique would havefar wider applications.The plan remains very likely to cause controversy since it involves making use of a virus which has caused more than 22 million deaths around the world in the past two decades.Verma said that the idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose wasshocking but the fierce nature of HIV had disappeared by having all six of the potentially deadly genes removed.Illnesses such as various cancers are caused when a gene in a patients body fails to work properly.In the past two years，breakthroughs in genetics(遗传学)have led gene therapy scientists to try and replace the genes that do not function normally.Unfortunately.the bodys immune defenses have been known to attack the modified genes and make them lose their effects before they can start their task and progress in the field has been held up by the lack of a suitable carrier.The HIV virus has the ability to escape frOm。and then destroy，the Immune defensecells designed to protect our bodies and this makes it attractive to scientists as a way ofsecretly conveying replacement genes into patientsbodies.1.FDA has approved the plan of using HIV to cure cancer in humansA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.The idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose has been widely acceptedA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.HIV can be safely used to cure cancer only if the deadly genes have been removedA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.The HIV virus is an excellent warrior to fight the bodys immune cellsA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Other countries are also expected to begin clinical gene therapy trials soonA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.It is the lack of money that has held uD the progress in using replacement genes to cure cancenA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.The HIV virus has caused more deaths in developed countriesA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案：1. B2. B3. A4. A5. C6. B7. CBefore the widespread use of computers, managers could not make full use of large amounts of valuable information about a companys activities. The information either reached managers too late or was too expensive to be used. Today, managers are facing a wide range of data processing and information instruments. In place of a few financial controls, managers can draw on computer-based information systems to control activities in every area of their company. On any kinds of performance measures, the information provided by these systems helps managers compare standards with actual results, find out problems, and take corrective action before it is too late to make changes.The introduction of computerized information systems has sharply changed management control in many companies. Even a neighborhood shopkeeper may now use computers to control sales, billing, and other activities. In large companies, electronic data processing systems monitor entire projects and sets of operations.Now, there are about 24 million microcomputers in use in the United States one for every 10 citizens. It is estimated that by 1996, 61 percent of American managers will be using some sort of electronic work station. In order for managers to be sure that the computer-based information they are receiving is accurate, they need to understand how computers work. However, in most cases they do not need to learn how to program computers. Rather, managers should understand how computerized information systems work; how they are developed; their limitations and costs; and the manner in which information systems may be used. Such an understanding is not difficult to achieve.One research found that business firms were more successful in teaching basic information about computers to business graduates than they were in teaching business subjects to computer science graduates.16 Today, conventional financial controls are still exercised in some minor areas such as billing and vocational training.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned17 It is unnecessary for a neighborhood baker to use a computer in his shopA Right B Wrong C Not mentioned18 At present about 10% of American citizens possess a microcomputer.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned19 One thing that managers do not have to understand is how computers work.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned20 In some cases managers have to learn how to write programs so as to work out computerized information systems that suit their own companies best.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned21 Computerized firms would rather employ business graduates than computer science graduates because it is easier to train the former into qualified employees.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned参考答案：16. A17. B18. B19. A20. B21. CThe Doctor in AmericaSelf-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit have been the norm for American medical practice. Most physicians have a contract relationship with one or more hospitals in their community. They refer their patients as needed to the hospital, which usually charges according to the number of days a patient stays and the facilities - X-rays, operating rooms, tests -he or she uses.Some medical doctors are on salary. Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members, or residents, who are often still in training. They may teach in medical schools, be hired by corporations to care for their workers or work for the federal governments Public Health Service.Physicians are among the best-paid professionals in the United States. In the 1980s, it was not uncommon for medical doctors to, earn incomes of more than $100,000 a year. Specialists, particularly surgeons, might earn several times that amount. Physicians list many reasons why they deserve to be so well rewarded for their work. One reason is the long and expensive preparation required to become a physician in the United States. Most would-be physicians first attend college for four years, which can cost nearly $20,000 a year at one of the best private institutions. Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years. Tuition alone can exceed $10,000 a year. By the time they have obtained their medical degrees, many young physicians are deeply in debt. They still face three to five years of residency (住院医生实习期)in a hospital, the first year as an apprentice physician. The hours are long and the pay is relatively low.Setting up a medical practice is expensive, too. Sometimes several physicians will decide to establish a group practice, so they can share the expense of maintaining an office and buying equipment. These physicians also take care of each others patients in emergencies.Physicians work long hours and must accept a great deal of responsibility. Many medical procedures, even quite routine ones, involve risk. It is understandable that physicians want to be well rewarded for making decisions which can mean the difference between life and death.1.Many physicians in the US are self-employed private physiciansA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.No salaried physicians teach in medical schools in the US.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.Of all employed physicians, those hired by corporations are best paidA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.Becoming a physician in the US costs considerable time and money.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Physicians in the US are poorly rewarded for their workA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.Anyone with a medical degree can set up a medical practice in the USA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.There are more men physicians than women physicians in the USA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案：1. A2. B3. C4. A 5. B6. B7. CAIDSThe World Health Organization (WHO) says as many as 10 million persons worldwide may have the virus that causes AIDS(艾滋病)。 Experts believe about 350 thousand persons have the disease. And one million more may get it in the next five years. In the United States， about 50，000 persons have died with AIDS. The countrys top medical official says more than 90 percent of all Americans who had the AIDS virus five years ago are dead.There is no cure for AIDS and no vaccine(疫苗) to prevent it. However， researchers know much more about AIDS than they did just a few years ago. We now know that AIDS is caused by a virus. The virus invades healthy cells， including white blood cells that are part of our defense system against disease. It takes control of the healthy cells genetic(基因的) material and forces the cell to make a copy of the virus. The cell then dies. And the viral particles move on to invade and kill healthier cells.The AIDS virus is carried in a persons body fluids(液体)。 The virus can be passed sexually or by sharing instruments used to take intravenous(进入静脉的) drugs. It also can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant woman with AIDS to her developing baby.Many stories about the spread of AIDS are false. You cannot get AIDS by working or attending school with someone who has the disease. You cannot get it by touching drinking glasses or other objects used by such persons. Experts say no one has gotten AIDS by living with, caring for or touching an AIDS patient.1 According to the WHO, there are now 10 million AIDS patients in the world.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned2 America has the largest number of AIDS patients in the world.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned3 The cause of AIDS remains a mystery to researchers.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned4 AIDS patients today cannot be cured yet.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned5 A pregnant woman with AIDS cannot pass the virus to her developing baby.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned6 It is unlikely that the Aids virus will be passed through handshaking.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned7 Men are more easily infected with AIDS than women.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned答案：1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. CDyslexiaAs many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some form of the learning disorder2 called dyslexia. Experts on dyslexia say that the problem is not a disease. They say that persons with dyslexia use information in a different way .One of the world s great thinkers and scientists. Albert Einstein was dyslexic. Einstein said that he never thought in words the way that most people do .He said that he thought in pictures instead .The American inventor Thomas Edison was also dyslexic. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago. Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons with the disorder were not mentally slow or disabled .The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are different. In most people， the left side of the brain3the part that controls language is larger than the right side. In persons with dyslexia， the right side of the brain is bigger. Doctors are not sure what causes this difference. However， research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females， and it is found more often in persons who are left handed4. No one knows the cause of dyslexia， but some scientists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a babys body long before it is born. They are trying to find ways to teach persons with dyslexia. Dyslexic persons think differently and need special kinds of teaching help. After they have solved their problems with language， they often show themselves to be especially intelligent or creative.1. One out of five American children suffers from dyslexia.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned2.Many great thinkers and scientists in the world are dyslexic.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned3.The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a century ago.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned4.The left side of the brain in a dyslexic person is bigger than the right side.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned5.Generally speaking， dyslexia is more common in left-handed males than in right-handed females.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned6.It is believed that dyslexia is related to the bad habits of a babys mother.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned7.Dyslexic people often turn out to be intelligent or creative one they have learned to handle language properly.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned参考答案：A 、C、 A、 B 、A、 C、 AHealth Cars In the USHealth care in the US is well-known but very expensive. Paying the doctors bill after a major illness or accident can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.In the US, a persons company, not the government, pays for health insurance.Employers have contracts with insurance companies, which pay for all or part of employees doctors bills.The amount that the insurance company will pay out to a patient differs wildly. It all depends on what insurance the employer pays. The less the boss pays to the insurance company, the more the employee has to pay the hospital each time he or she gets sick. In 2004, the average worker paid an extra US$558 a year, according to a San Francisco report.The system also means many Americans fall through the cracks (遭遗漏). In 2004, only 61 per cent of the population received health insurance through their employers, according to the report. The unemployed, self-employed, part-time workers and graduated students with no jobs were not included.Most US university students have a gap between their last day of school and their first day on the job. Often, they are no longer protected by their parents insurance because they are now considered independent adults. They also cannot buy university health insurance because they are no longer students.Another group that falls through the gap of the US system is international students. All are required to have health insurance and cannot begin their classes without it. But exact policies (保险单) differ from school to school.Most universities work with health insurance companies and sell their own standard plan for students Often, buying the school plan is required, but luckily its also cheaper than buying direct from the insurance company.1In the US, a persons company buys him or her health insurance.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned2All employees in the US have the same kind of health insurance.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned3In 2004, most of the unemployed in the US were women.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned4In the US, graduated students with no jobs can buy university health insurance.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned5All international students in the US have to buy health insurance.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned6The international students in the US work harder than the American students.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned7The health care system in the US takes care of everyone in the country.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned参考答案：16. A 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. A21. C 22. BThe Spanish Flu EpidemicIf youre worried about the possibility of a coming bird flu epidemic, you can take comfort in the fact that humanity has survived a similar influenza epidemic in the past. Starting its rounds at the end of World War I, the 1918 flu killed an estimated 50 million people.Popularly known as the Spanish Flu, this type of influenza was far worse than your common cold. Normally, influenza only kills those who are more vulnerable to disease, such as newborns, the old or the sick. However, the Spanish Flu was prone to killing the young and healthy. Often it would disable its victims in hours; within a day, they would be dead, typically from extreme cases of pneumonia(肺炎).The Spanish Flu was quite nasty-fast-spreading and deadly. It managed to spread across the globe, devastating the world. Then suddenly, after two years ravaging(蹂躏)the Earth, it disappear