Lecture1词汇学的定义.ppt

Lecture1,TheConceptofLexicology,ThetermlexicologycontainstwoGreekmorphemes:lexikonandlogie.Theformermeans“word”,thelattermeans“learning”or“thestudyof”.,Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,history,structure,meaningandapplication.,SurveyofEnglishLexis,EnglishasfirstlanguageP1EnglishassecondlanguageMostwidelyused(750millionusers;80%oftheinfor.storedincomputersisinEnglish)Over2millionvocabulariesatpresent(increaseat850vocabulariesperyear)Howmanyonecangrasp?(seePp2-3),BASICEnglishofC.K.Ogden,BASIC基础英语词表1930British，American，Scientific，International，Commercial850wordsP7-11,奥格登基本英语的语法规则是为了让人们只用850个单词就可以解决一般交流。在单词词尾加-s作为复数，那些加-es和-ies的保留。四个词缀：-er可以变成300多个名词;-ing和-ed变成形容词;使用-ly变成副词对于数量，使用more和most，保留-er和-est.,形容词的反义词是加前缀un-,im-问句使用相反的词序，加上do.人称和代名词使用和一般英语相同。可以使用两个名词组合成新词，比如milkman和wordbook；还可以是名词加方位，例如sundown.单位，数字，货币，月份，日子，年份，钟点和国际语一致。使用专业和科技词汇。一些特殊词汇不属于基本英语，词性，复数等变化不遵守这个规范。,TheHistoryBilingualedition(2005),Thehandbook(1944pages)identifiesanddealswiththefollowingaimsforacademicprogressionandpractical/theoreticalresearch:-theestablishmentandmaintenanceofanindependentprofileforthedisciplineoflexicology-thecollectionanddocumentationofup-to-dateknowledgeinthefieldoflexicology-thedocumentationofresearchstillout-standingandtheprovisionofguidelinesonconcretefieldsofstudy.Inconclusionthepresentstateoflexicologymadeitnecessarytodealthoroughlywithquestionsaboutthediscipline,itsmethodologyanditslinkswithrelateddisciplines.,TheSecondOne:P.Hanks,ed.Lexicology-CriticalConceptsinLinguistics6vols.Publisher:Routledge(2008),ThisnewRoutledgeMajorWorkisasix-volumecollection（2768pages)ofnearlyonehundredpapers,articles,andextractscoveringeveryaspectoflexicology.Itrangesoverphilosophyoflanguage,prototypetheory,artificialintelligence,cognitivelinguistics,systemiclinguistics,structuralism(EuropeanandAmerican),generativelexicontheory,meaning-texttheory,naturalsemanticmetalanguagetheory,computationallinguistics,corpuslinguistics,andchildlanguageacquisition.CarefullyeditedextractsfromwritingsonthelexiconbyAristotle,Wilkins,Leibniz,andWittgensteinmakethecentralobservationsofthesegreatthinkersreadilyavailabletoscholarsandstudents.Andmajorarticlesbylexicalsemanticfieldtheorists(Trier,Porzig,Gipper,andCoseriu)aremadeavailableforthefirsttimeinEnglishtranslation.AgeneralintroductionbyPatrickHanks,aleadingscholarinthefield,givesacomprehensiveoverviewofthesubjectanditsmainissues,ThreeMoreLexicologyWorksforYourReference,Lexicology:AShortIntroductionbyM.A.K.Halliday(Author),ColinYallop(Author)Publisher:ContinuumInternationalPublishingGroup(2007),Thisbookpresentsaconcisesurveyoflexicology.Itsurveysthestudyofwords,providinganoverviewofbasicissuesindefiningandunderstandingthewordasaunitoflanguage.Itincludeasectiononmeaning,withdiscussionsofetymology,asocialview,cognitivelinguistics,translation,andothertopics.Italsoexaminesthehistoryoflexicology,theevolutionofdictionariesanddevelopmentsinthefield.,EnglishLexicology.LexicalStructure,WordSemantics,andWord-Formation.byLeonhardLipkaPublisher:Narr(2002),Thisbookaimstoprovideamodern,comprehensive,interdisciplinarysurveyofallrelevantaspectsofEnglishandgenerallexicology.OnthebasisofthethoroughlyrevisedformerOutlineofEnglishLexicologyitrepresentsthestateoftheartin2002.Asanintroductiontobeusedinuniversitycoursesitgivesanup-to-datesurveyofapproachestoallaspectsofwordsandtheirfunctionsandtotheEnglishvocabulary.Inparticular,thebookstressestheproductiveprocessesinthelexicon,i.e.dynamiclexicology,andoffersnewandsofarneglectedperspectives.Besidesdiscussinglexicalstructure,wordsemanticsandword-formation,EnglishLexicologyoffersnewdirectionsingoingbeyondapurelylanguage-immanent,structuralistapproach.,Words,MeaningandVocabulary:AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicologybyHowardJackson(Author),EtienneZeAmvelaPublisher:ContinuumInternationalPublishingGroup;2edition(2007),ThistextbookisasystematicandaccessibleintroductiontothelexicologyofmodernEnglish.Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesallaspectsofthevocabularyofaparticularlanguage.ThebookprovidesanaccountofthesourcesofmodernEnglishwordsandstudiesthedevelopmentofvocabularyovertime.Itexamines:Whatarewords?WheredoEnglishwordscomefrom?Howarewordsmadeup?Howdowordsmean?Howarewordsused?Howcanwordsbeinvestigated?Thisneweditionofthebest-sellingtextbookhasbeenrevisedandupdatedthroughout.,TheDefinitionofWord1,Intermsofspokenlanguage,awordisviewedasasoundorcombinationofsoundswhicharemadevoluntarilywithhumanvocalequipment.,TheDefinitionofWord2,Accordingtosemanticists,awordisaunitofmeaning.Grammariansinsistthatawordbeafreeformthatcanfunctioninasentence.,TheDefinitionofWord,词具有固定的语音形式，代表一定的意义，属于一定的语法范畴，体现一定的语法功能。所以，词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体，语句的基本结构单位。e.g.Heranbackhome.,TheDefinitionofWord,AminimalfreeformofalanguageAsoundunityAunitofmeaningAformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence,WhatisVocabulary?,Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasitsvocabulary.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularperiod.,Word&Vocabulary词与词汇,词与词汇是个体与总体的关系；词的总和构成语言的词汇。词汇还包括语言的变体中使用的词、短语、术语、方言。（dialect,terminology）英语词汇有一百多万个；由nativewords和borrowedwords组成。,基本（核心）词汇,TheSound&Meaning词的语音与意义,Therelationshipbetweensound&sense(meanign)TheNaturalistTheConventionalist,TheNaturalist:anintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandsense(音义之间有种必然内在的对应关系)TheConventionalist:akindoflinguisticsocialcontract(音义无必然联系，只是通过语言使用，在社会中约定俗成的结果),词的音义关系的两种态度反映：,Whatsinaname?ThatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.Shakespeare:Romeo&JulietAct,Scene2,词的音义关系的两种态度反映：,Tisnotenoughnoharshnessgivesoffence.Thesoundmustbeanechotothesense.Pope:EssayonCriticism,SoundandForm,Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageistheorthographicalrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewithorbeconsistentwiththeoralform.,WhySoundandFormisnotsoconsistentwitheachothertoday?,EnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnthaveseparatelettertorepresenteachsound.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears.,Littlejoke,laughwomennationfishghoti,TheLexical&SyntacticMeaningofWord词的词汇意义与语法意义,词汇意义和语法意义关系密切，语法意义不同会引起词汇意义的改变。e.g.Pleasesitdown.Hesaileddowntheriver.Downyourtoolsandtakearest.Butmenobuts.,adv.,prep.,TheSense&ConceptofWord词的意义与概念,概念是词义的基础，词义是概念在语言中的表现形式。两者相互依存。词通过概念来反映客观事物或现象。WORDCONCEPTREFERENT,词的意义与概念的区别,词义属于语言范畴；概念属于思维单位；词义的内容概念的内容；概念是对事物抽象的概括，代表普遍的事物，表示类概念；词义即可表示普遍事物，也可表示具体事物，表示个别概念；词义具有感情色彩和文体色彩。,词义的感情和文体色彩,policemancop,smokydisappointmentletdownbetrayalsellout,TheLatestNewWords,以下是美国方言学会(AmericanDialectSociety)评出的自1990年以来反映当年热门主题的年度词汇：1990年的bushlips（不诚实的政治言辞），1991年的motherofall（最重大的，常译作“之母”；1991年伊拉克战争中萨达姆侯赛因宣称海湾战争将成为“战争之母”themotherofallbattles），1992年的not！（不是那么回事！），1993年的informationsuperhighway（信息高速公路