高考英语复习 任务型阅读

高考英语复习 任务型阅读【母题来源一】【2019江苏卷】请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。The Cost of ThinkingDespite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics. such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物)weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drainconsumption of energyon the body. Is not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). Its even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the bodys energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿)require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. Its hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) cant win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, its easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.The Cost of ThinkingIntroduction Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two _71_ of human beings.The _72_ of large human brains The larger brains may not be better because of the cost. The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy. The animal brain requires less _73_ when the body is at rest. Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.The _74_ of walking upright Walking upright makes it easy to find food or _75_ against enemies. Freed hands can serve some _76_ purpose and perform complex tasks. Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and _77_ the size of brains. Walking upright results in _78_ sufferings.Conclusion With a large brain, human beings _79_ other beings in terms of intelligence. Weak and marginal, human beings remained _80_ of meat-eating animals.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。主要介绍人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。71. characteristics【解析】考查信息归纳。根据第一段“all human beings share defining characteristics ,such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.”可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。72. disadvantages【解析】考查信息归纳。72题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。73. energy【解析】考查信息来源。根据第三段中的“a huge brain is a huge drain-consumption of energy ”以及“It (the brain) consumes 25% of the bodys energy when the body is at rest.By comparison the brains of apes require only 8% of rest- time energy”可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填energy。74. impact(s)【解析】考查信息归纳题。分析空后的75-78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。75. guard【解析】考查信息转换。根据第五段的第一句“Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, its easier to find food or enemies.”可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来，更容易找到食物或敌人。找到敌人，就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guard against.”为固定搭配，意为“防御.”，故本空填写guard。76. other考查信息来源。根据第五段中的”.their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes ,like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands. ”可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。77. limits【解析】考查信息归纳。根据第五段“walking upright has disadvantages. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on four and a relative small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge , especially when the bones had to support an extra -large skull.”可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。78. physical【解析】考查信息转换。根据第六段“., Humankind paid for its vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.”可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为自己的视力和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。79. beat【解析】根据最后一段“We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages.It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.”可知，我们假设大脑越大，优势越大。很明显，这些使得人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出我们的大脑比动物大，在智力方面人类比动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故本空填beat。80. fearful/afraid【解析】根据最后一段“.humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.”可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但也曾经对食肉动物仍旧害怕/恐惧。因为空前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。【命题意图】考点一考查考生的阅读理解能力阅读理解能力是高考试题的主要考查内容。除了阅读理解题型外，完形填空和任务型读写题型也都兼具考查考生的阅读理解能力。任务型读写题中的阅读能力同样要求考生在有限的时间内快速领会文章的主旨大意，快速理解句段细节意义和理清上下文的逻辑关系，要能够理解文章作者的观点、态度和意图，同时不能忽视对语篇的整体把握和领悟。任务型读写的体裁主要是说明文和议论文。考点二考查考生对文中有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括能力。【母题1】【江苏省南京市六校联合体2019届高三模拟试题】 “Whatever your job is, the chances are that one of these machines can do it faster or better than you can.”As innovation accelerates, thousands of jobs will disappear, just as it has happened in the previous cycles of industrial revolutions. Machines powered by narrow AI algorithms can already perform certain 3-D tasks (“dull, dirty and dangerous”) much better than humans. This may create enormous pain for those who are losing their jobs over the next few years, particularly if they dont acquire the computer-related skills that would enable them to find more creative opportunities. We must learn from the previous waves of creative destruction if we are to lessen human suffering and increasing inequality.For example, some statistics indicate that as much as 3% of the population in developed countries work as drivers. When automated cars become a reality in the next 15 to 25 years, we must offer people who will be “structurally unemployed” some sort of compensation income, training and re-positioning opportunities.Fortunately, the Schumpeterian waves of destructive innovation also create jobs. History has shown disruptive innovations are not always a zero-sum game. In the long run, the loss of low-added-value jobs to machines can have a positive impact in the overall quality of life of most workers.The ATM paradox is a good example of this. As the use of automatic teller machines spread in the 1980s and 90s, many predicted massive unemployment in the banking sector. Instead, ATMs created more jobs as the cost of opening new agencies decreased. The number of agencies multiplied, as did the portfolio of banking products. Thanks to automation, going to the bank offers a much better customer experience than in previous decades. And the jobs in the industry became better paid and were of better quality.This optimist scenario assumes, however, that education systems will do a better job of preparing our children to become good at what humans do best: creative and critical thinking. Less learning-by-heart and more learning-by-doing. Fewer clerical skills and more philosophical insights about human nature and how to cater to its infinite needs for art and culture.To become creative and critical thinkers, our children will need knowledge and wisdom more than raw data points. They need to ask “why?”, “how?” and “what if?” more often than “what?”, “who?” and “when?” And they must construct this knowledge by relying on databases as cognitive partners as soon as they learn how to read and write.Thus, the future of human-machine cooperation looks less like the scenario in the Terminator movies and more like a Minority Report-style of “augmented intelligence”. There will be jobs if we adapt the education system to equip our children to do what humans are good at: to think critically and creatively, to develop knowledge and wisdom, to appreciate and create beautiful works of art. That does not mean it will be a painless transition. Machines and automation will likely take away millions of low-quality jobs as it has happened in the past. But better-quality jobs will likely replace them, requiring less physical effort and shorter hours to deliver better results.No, artificial intelligence wont 1 your childrens jobsPassage outlineSupporting detailsA 2 phenomenonWith the rise of AI, machines 3 threaten the security of peoples current jobs, making the future of the workforce look rather dark and gloomy.An objective analysisThose not skilled in computer using need to plan 4, for they are at a higher risk of losing their jobs to machines.Drivers, faced with the increasing popularity of automated cars, need to be compensated, 5 for re-employment.ATMs, though, create well-paid jobs as well as increase customers 6.A practical solutionAdjustments need to be made to education systems by 7 our children for the jobs 8 creative and critical thinking.9 of learning philosophy and change in the way of learning styles will be introduced for developing critical thinkers.A safe conclusionAI wont cost your children their jobs. Instead, it will make them more creative and 10.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，是科普类的文章。机器和自动化可能会像过去一样，夺走数百万低质量的工作岗位。但是高质量的工作很可能会取代它们，需要更少的体力劳动和更短的时间来产生更好的结果。人工智能不会让你的孩子失去工作。相反，它将使他们更有创造力和成果。1. steal / take根据第一段“Whatever your job is, the chances are that one of these machines can do it faster or better than you can.”（不管你的工作是什么，这些机器都有可能比你做得更快或更好。）和最后一段中根据最后一段中Machines and automation will likely take away millions of low-quality jobs as it has happened in the past. But better-quality jobs will likely replace them, requiring less physical effort and shorter hours to deliver better results.（机器和自动化可能会像过去一样，夺走数百万低质量的工作岗位。但是高质量的工作很可能会取代它们，需要更少的体力劳动和更短的时间来产生更好的结果。）可知，人工智能不会取代你孩子的工作。故答案为steal / take。2. worrying根据第二段中As innovation accelerates, thousands of jobs will disappear, just as it has happened in the previous cycles of industrial revolutions.可知，这是一个令人担忧的现象。故答案为worrying。3. seemingly根据第二段中Machines powered by narrow AI algorithms can already perform certain 3-D tasks (“dull, dirty and dangerous”) much better than humans. This may create enormous pain for those who are losing their jobs over the next few years, particularly if they dont acquire the computer-related skills that would enable them to find more creative opportunities.可知，随着人工智能的崛起，机器似乎威胁着人们当前工作的安全，使得劳动力的未来看起来相当灰暗。故答案为seemingly。4. ahead / earlier 根据第二段中This may create enormous pain for those who are losing their jobs over the next few years, particularly if they dont acquire the computer-related skills that would enable them to find more creative opportunities.可知，那些不熟练使用计算机的人需要提前计划，因为他们面临着被机器抢走工作的更高风险。故答案为ahead / earlier。5. trained/retrained根据第三段中When automated cars become a reality in the next 15 to 25 years, we must offer people who will be “structurally unemployed” some sort of compensation income, training and re-positioning opportunities.可知，面对日益普及的自动化汽车，司机们需要得到补偿，接受再就业培训。故答案为trained/retrained。6. satisfaction 根据第五段中Instead, ATMs created more jobs as the cost of open