快速阅读ppt课件.ppt

阅读专题,1,概述教育部颁布的大学英语教学大纲指出英语四级考试要求为：能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度，阅读速度达到每分钟70词。在阅读篇幅较长、难度略低、生词不超过总词数3%的材料时，能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节，阅读理解的准确率以70%为合格。,2,材料题材,1社会科学：教育学，经济学，信息科学，电脑网络,新技术、新设备的使用2自然科学：环境保护，新能源的利用3人文科学：社会关系，风土人情，社会生活,3,主要测试能力（1）事实和细节（2）判断和推论（3）主旨大意（4）态度题（5）单词、短语句子意义（6）上下文的逻辑关系,4,710分四级阅读（249分）（1）比例：35%（2）篇章：快速阅读理解10%篇章词汇理解（新题型讲解）仔细阅读理解（3）总阅读量：1200+300+450*2=2400（4）时长：15（快速）+25（仔细）（5）题型：快速是非判断选择+句子填空词汇选词填空阅读多项选择（9分钟）,5,克服不良的阅读习惯,介词短语、不定式、长主语、从句等都可以视为一个意群。2.文章的有些内容是不需阅读的1）人名地名后的修饰成分;2）插入语；3）定语从句等修饰主语的成分,1.不会按照“意群”来阅读,6,例如：Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Butcognitive(认知的)researchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.,7,FastReading,8,测试目的,快速阅读目的在于考察学生一定时间内的阅读量。四级对速度的考察是近些年一直延续的一种结果。同时在答题方面，快速阅读更强调学生在实践语言环境中查询有效信息的能力，也反映出四级考试试图提升学生实际应用能力的改革方向。,9,文章特点,1、文章长度为800-1200词左右2、一般为说明性的文章3、大部分文章既有大标题，又有小标题，甚至还有更小的标题，即使没有小标题文章层次也非常的清晰。4、如果出现超纲词会用汉语标记。,10,1.题目设置的顺序性与文章顺序一致（前7题）按字母顺序排列。按日期和时间排列。例如：真题Highways(隐性排列)Earlyinthe20thcentury1921191919441956Today按年代排列。按类别排列。2.前七题为选择题的可能性增大（2007.06开始）3.填空题部分答案需要改动,题目特点,11,快速阅读步骤及方法,1.跳读全文(skimming)（1）总标题：了解全文核心，积极调动母语已有知识（2）各小标题：掌握文章走向和结构变化（3）第一自然段首末句：抓住中心思想，有可能发现作者态度观点（4）其他段落的首句：发掘细节信息点（5）结尾段首末句,12,跳读技巧,(1)印刷细节如标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。例子2008.06快速阅读小标题标题：MediaSelectionforAdvertisement小标题：Television-Newspapers-Radio-Magazines-Out-of-homeadvertisingInternet-Directmail,13,题目:1.Televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat_.3.Comparedwithtelevision,newspapersasanadvertisingmedium_.4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause_.5.Magazinesareseenbyadvertisersasanefficientwayto_.6.Out-of-homeadvertisinghasbecomemoreeffectivebecause_.7.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersistocreateadsthatare_.,14,（2）首末句原则，掌握文章主旨大意TheresanenergycrisisinAmerica,andithasnothingtodowithfossilfuels（化石，矿物燃料）.Millionsofusgetupeachmorningalreadywearyoverthedayholds.“Ijustcantgetstarted,”peoplesay.Butitsnotphysicalenergythatmostofuslack.Sure,wecouldalluseextrasleepandabetterdiet.Butintruth,peoplearehealthiertodaythanatanytimeinhistory.Icanalmostguaranteethatifyoulongformoreenergy,theproblemisnotwithyourbody.,15,Whatyoureseekingisnotphysicalenergy.Itsemotionalenergy.Yet,sadtosay,lifesometimesseemsdesignedtoexhaustoursupply.Weworktoohard.Wehavefamilyobligations.Weencounteremergenciesandpersonalcrises.Nowondersomanyofussufferfromemotionalfatigue,akindofutterexhaustionofthespirit.,16,题目（是非判定）：1.TheenergycrisisinAmericadiscussedheremainlyreferstoashortageoffossilfuels._2.Peoplethesedaystendtolackphysicalenergy._,F,F,17,2.审题，扫读，确定关键词（scanning）技巧概述：第一，阅读题干：明确定位词。充分利用小标题和醒目的定位词，或者是找关键的有意义的信息。第二、快速找重现第三、简单化求解：仔细阅读原文，认真对照题目，尤其要注意题目中句式和用词的变化，最终找出与原文相符的选项。,18,2.1首要定位词（1）.问题或选项中所涉及到的人名、地名，专有名词，则主要寻找首字母大写的单词例子2010.06CaughtintheWeb1.WhateventuallymadeCarlaToeberealizeshewasspendingtoomuchtimeontheInternet?3.JonathanBishopbelievesthattheInternetoveruseproblemcanbesolvedifpeople_.4.AccordingtoProfessorMaressaOrzack,Internetusewouldbeconsideredexcessiveif_.,19,5.AccordingtoOrzack,peoplewhostrugglewithheavyrelianceontheInternetmayfeel_.6.WhydidAndreHeidrichcutbackonlinegaming?7.AndrewHeidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussonlinegamingaddictionto_.,20,Afewmonthsago,itwasntunusualfor47-year-oldCarlaToebetospend15hoursperdayonline.Shedwakeupearly,turnonherlaptopandchatonInternetdatingsitesandinstant-messagingprogramsleavingherbedforonlybriefintervals.Herhouseholdbillspiledup,alongwiththedishesanddirtylaundry,butittooknear-constantcomplaintsfromherfourdaughtersbeforesherealizedshehadaproblem.“Iwasstartingtofeellikemywholeworldwasfallingapart-kindofslippingintoadepression,”saidCarla.“IknewthatifIdidntgetoffthedatingsites,Idjustkeepgoing,”detaching(使脱离)herselffurtherfromtheoutsideworld.,21,Toebesconclusion:Shefeltlikeshewas“addicted”totheInternet.Shesnotalone.ConcernaboutexcessiveInternetuseisntnew.Asfarbackas1995,articlesinmedicaljournalsandtheestablishmentofaPennsylvaniatreatmentcenterforoverusersgeneratedinterestinthesubject.Theresstillnoconsensusonhowmuchtimeonlineconstitutestoomuchorwhetheraddictionispossible.,22,ButasrelianceontheWebgrows,therearesignsthatthequestionisgettingmoreseriousattention:Lastmonth,astudypublishedinCNSSpectrumsclaimedtobethefirstlarge-scalelookatexcessiveInternetuse.TheAmericanPsychiatricAssociationmayconsiderlistingInternetaddictioninthenexteditionofitsdiagnosticmanual.AndscoresofonlinediscussionboardshavepoppeduponwhichpeoplediscussnegativeexperiencestiedtotoomuchtimeontheWeb.,23,“TheresnoquestionthatthererepeoplewhoreseriouslyintroublebecausetheyreoverdoingtheirInternetinvolvement,”saidpsychiatrist(精神科医生)IvanGoldberg.Goldbergcallstheproblemadisorderratherthanatrueaddiction.JonathanBishop,aresearcherinWalesspecializinginonlinecommunities,ismoreskeptical.“TheInternetisanenvironment,”hesaid.“Youcantbeaddictedtotheenvironment.”Bishopdescribestheproblemassimplyamatterofpriorities,whichcanbesolvedbyencouragingpeopletoprioritizeotherlifegoalsandplansinplaceoftimespentonline.,24,ThenewCNSSpectrumsstudywasbasedonresultsofanationwidetelephonesurveyofmorethan2,500adults.Likethe2005survey,thisonewasconductedbyStanfordUniversityresearchers.About6%ofrespondentsreportedthat“theirrelationshipssufferedbecauseofexcessiveInternetuse.”About9%attemptedtoconceal“nonessentialInternetuse,”andnearly4%reportedfeeling“preoccupiedbytheInternetwhenoffline.”,25,About8%saidtheyusedtheInternetasawaytoescapeproblems,andalmost14%reportedthey“foundithardtostayawayfromtheInternetforseveraldaysatatime.”“TheInternetproblemisstillinitsinfancy,”saidEliasAboujaoude,aStanfordprofessor.Nosingleonlineactivityistoblameforexcessiveuse,hesaid.“Theyreonlineinchatrooms,checkinge-mail,orwritingblogs.Theproblemisnotlimitedtoporn(色情)orgambling”websites.,26,ExcessiveInternetuseshouldbedefinednotbythenumberofhoursspentonlinebut“intermsoflosses,”saidMaressaOrzack,aHarvardUniversityprofessor.“Ifitsalosswhereyourenotgettingtowork,andfamilyrelationshipsarebreakingdownasaresult,thenitstoomuch.”Sincetheearly1990s,severalclinicshavebeenestablishedintheU.S.totreatheavyInternetusers.TheyincludetheCenterforInternetAddictionRecoveryandtheCenterforInternetBehavior.,27,ThewebsiteforOrzackscenterliststhefollowingamongthepsychologicalsymptomsofcomputeraddiction:Havingasenseofwell-being(幸福)orexcitementwhileatthecomputer.Longingformoreandmoretimeatthecomputer.Neglectoffamilyandfriends.Feelingempty,depressedorirritablewhennotatthecomputer.Lyingtoemployersandfamilyaboutactivities.Inabilitytostoptheactivity.Problemswithschoolorjob.,28,Physicalsymptomslistedincludedryeyes,backaches,skippingmeals,poorpersonalhygiene(卫生)andsleepdisturbances.PeoplewhostrugglewithexcessiveInternetusemaybedepressedorhaveothermooddisorders,Orzacksaid.WhenshediscussesInternethabitswithherpatients,theyoftenreportthatbeingonlineoffersa“senseofbelonging,andescape,excitementandfun,”shesaid.“Somepeoplesayreliefbecausetheyfindthemselvessorelaxed.”,29,SomepartsoftheInternetseemtodrawpeopleinmorethanothers.Internetgamersspendcountlesshourscompetingingamesagainstpeoplefromallovertheworld.Onesuchgame,calledWorldofWarcraft,iscitedonmanysitesbyposterscomplainingofa“gamingaddiction.”AndrewHeidrich,aneducationnetworkadministratorfromSacramento,playsWorldofWarcraftforabouttwotofourhourseveryothernight,butthatsnothingcomparedwiththe40to60hoursaweekhespentplayingonlinegameswhenhewasincollege.Hecutbackonlyafterafull-scalefamilyintervention(干预),inwhichrelativestoldhimhedgainedweight.,30,“Theresthiswholecultureofcompetitionthatsuckspeoplein”withonlinegaming,saidHeidrich,nowafatheroftwo.“Peopledoitattheexpenseofeverythingthatwasaconstantintheirlives”Heidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussgamingaddictionregularly“toremindmyselftokeepmyloveforonlinegamesincheck.”ToebealsoregularlyvisitsasitewherepostersdiscussInternetoveruse.InAugust,whenshefirstrealizedshehadaproblem,shepostedamessageonaYahooInternetaddictiongroupwiththesubjectline:“IhaveanInternetAddiction.”,31,“Imself-employedandneedtheInternetformywork,butImfailingtoaccomplishmywork,totakecareofmyhome,togiveattentiontomychildren,”shewroteinamessagesenttothegroup.”Ihavenomoneyorinsurancetogetprofessionalhelp;Icantevenpaymymortgage(抵押贷款)andfacelosingeverything.”Sincethen,Toebesaid,shehaskeptherpromisetoherselftocutbackonherInternetuse.“Ihaveaboyfriendnow,andImnotinterestedinonlinedating,”shesaidbyphonelastweek.“Itsalotbetternow.”,32,（2）.日期、时间、数字问题，主要查找具体数字；及百分比，金钱符号，特殊符号，带连词符的词等。例子2007.12.UniversitiesBranchOut2Overthepastthreedecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased.Aby2.5millionBby800,000Catanannualrateof3.9percentDatanannualrateof8percent3IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?A10%B20%C30%D38%,33,Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.0percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2994.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesidgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.,34,Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmericasbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.,35,2.2辅助类定位词包括实意名词和动宾短语。当我们发现一个题干中没有明显的定位词时，我们也可以用有实际意义的名词来定位。比如university。这个名词尽管不符合我们首要定位词的原则，但是这个词表意也比较集中，即使被替换，也只能被类似college，school，institute所替换。所以可以带着university这个单词的核心意思回原文定位。,36,快速阅读中的其它技巧,37,1.注意逻辑关系词，如转折词和序列词等。转折词如however,moreover,inaddition；序列词firstly,secondly等。（稍后将在仔细阅读中精讲）因果关系：asaresult，therefore，hence，consequently，because,for,dueto,hence,consequently等等。例子2008.12第三题（so）,38,2、并列、递进关系：and,or,then，inaddition，besides，inotherwords，moreover等等,39,2.特殊标点符号：特殊标点符号后的内容常是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明，因此命题者常对这些标点符号后的内容进行提问。特殊标点符号包括：破折号(表解释)、括号(表解释)、冒号(表解释)和引号(表引用)。例子2006.06样题Landfills,40,Dumpanopenholeinthegroundwheretrashisburiedandthatisfullofvariousanimals(rats,mice,birds).(Thisismostpeoplesideaofalandfill!)Landfillcarefullydesignedstructurebuiltintoorontopofthegroundinwhichtrashisisolatedfromthesurroundingenvironment(groundwater,air,rain).Thisisolationisaccomplishedwithabottomlineranddailycoveringofsoil.Sanitarylandfilllandfillthatusesaclayliner（粘土衬垫）toisolatethetrashfromtheenvironmentMunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)landfill（landfillthatusesasynthet