2018年中考英语知识归纳复习专题 动词与动词短语 外研版

动词与动词短语【动词】动词一般分为实义动词、助动词、系动词和情态动词。其中实义动词是主要考查点。动词的基本形式:大部分动词有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。形式构成例词动词原形第三人称单数在动词原形后加-srun-runs以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词,在词尾加-esteach-teaches以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i，再加-esstudy-studies现在分词在动词原形后加-ingread-reading以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-inglive-living以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母，再加-ingsit-sitting少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ingdie-dyinglie-lying过去式与过去分词（规则变化）在动词原形后加-edwork-worked以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i，再加-edcarry-carried以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母，再加-edstop-stopped以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,直接加dlive-lived【考点训练1】1.the little girl can _ (sing) very well.2.the person who is the earliest will get what he or she _ (want).3.he _ (write) a letter to his best friend yesterday.4.edison enjoyed _(try) his new ideas.5.my brother _(make) many american friends since he _ (come) here.答案：sing wants wrote trying has made came【实义动词与助动词的用法】1. 实义动词实义动词本身含有实际意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。其分类及用法如下：分类用法例句按句法功能分及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使意义完整。pleaseopenthewindow.请打开窗户。不及物动词本身意义完整，无需接宾语。若不及物动词要接宾语，其后需加适当的介词。heworkshard.他努力工作。ilikelisteningtomusic.我喜欢听音乐。按动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短分延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn，work，keep，sleep，live等，可以与表示时间段的状语（for+时间段，since+时间点，since从句）连用。ihavelivedhereforfiveyears.我在这儿住了五年了。非延续性动词也称瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，动作发生后立即结束，如：open，die，begin，finish，come，borrow，lend，buy等,不能与表示时间段的状语连用。iborrowedabookfromthelibrary.我从图书馆借了一本书。2. 助动词助动词不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词（主要是实义动词）一起构成谓语，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式。常见助动词有be，do，have，will/shall等，具体用法如下：助动词功能例句be构成现在进行时：am/is/are+现在分词iamlisteningtomusic.我正在听音乐。构成过去进行时：was/were+现在分词iwastakingashowerat8:00lastnight.昨晚八点我正在洗澡。构成一般将来时：am/is/are+goingto+动词原形theyaregoingtohaveatripnextmonth.下个月他们将要去旅行。构成被动语态：be(am/is/are/was/were)+过去分词manytreesareplantedeveryyear.每年种植很多树。do构成疑问句、否定句一般现在时中用do,does(单三式)，一般过去时中用diddoyoulikereading?你喜欢阅读吗？hedidntgotoschoolyesterday.他昨天没有去上学。构成否定祈使句：dont+动词原形dontarrivelateforclass.上课不要迟到。have构成现在完成时：have/has+过去分词ihavetaughtenglishintheschoolforthreeyears.我已在这所学校教了三年英语了。will/shall构成一般将来时:will/shall+动词原形shewillgotobeijingnextmonday.下周一她将去北京。助动词在省略句中的运用为了避免重复，一些句子常常省略（前面提到过的）谓语动词，而用相应的助动词代替此谓语动词，助动词要与句子的人称、时态一致。这种用法也常用于一般疑问句的简略回答中。如：she wont go there，but i will(=but i will go there).用助动词will代替will go theredo you have a pen?yes，i do(=i have a pen).用助动词do代替have a pen【考点训练2】用适当的助动词填空。(注意否定形式)1.i dont have a basketball，but my friend david _.2.in england，tea _ appear until around 1660.3.although the man has a lot of money，it _make him happy.4.you _ catch the first bus unless you leave now.5.this is the most interesting book i _ ever read.6.a babys first-month birthday is a special event in china and _ with a special party. （ ）a.is celebrated b.is celebratingc.was celebrated d.celebrates答案：does didnt doesnt wont have a【系动词的用法】系动词用于连接主语和表语，表示主语的身份、性质和状态等。系动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟形容词、名词或介词短语等作表语。英语中常见的系动词有：系动词词义例句am/is/are。是heismyuncle.他是我的叔叔。keep保持theyalwayskeepsilent.他们总是保持沉默staythebookstorestaysopenuntil8:00pm.这家书店会一直开到晚上八点。become变得hehasbecomeamemberofthisclub.他已经成为这家俱乐部的会员。getitisgettingdark.天色渐渐暗了。goitisgettingdark.天色渐渐暗了。turnxtheleavesareturningyellow.树叶正在变黄。feel感觉；摸起来ifeeltired.我感觉很累。theclothfeelssoft.这块布摸起来很柔软。look看起来mymotherlooksveryyoung.我的妈妈看起来很年轻。smell闻起来theflowerssmellsweet.这些花闻起来很香。sound听起来thatsoundsinteresting.那听起来很有趣。taste尝起来thesouptastesterrible.这汤尝起来很糟糕。【考点训练3】1.what mr.white said sounds _ (friend).2.the children all looked _ at the broken model plane and felt quite _ .(sad)3.the meat smells _ .throw it away. （ ）a.well b.good c.badly d.bad4.when spring comes，trees begin to _ green. （ ）a.sound b.taste c.keep d.turn5.good morning.id like a birthday gift for my mother.what about this scarf? it is beautiful and it _ soft and smooth. （ ）a. feels b.looks c.seems d.becomes答案：friendly sadly sad d d a【动词短语】动词短语是指动词跟介词或副词等构成的固定词组。1.动词短语的分类(1)动词+介词在此类动词短语中，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如arrive at/in,ask for,come from,get to,laugh at,listen to,look after,wait for等。(2)动词+副词在此类动词短语中，宾语为代词(宾格)时，只能位于动词和副词之间；宾语为名词时，位于副词前后均可。如find out,give up,put off,turn on,think over等。(3)动词+副词+介词在此类动词短语中，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如come up with,get on/along with,go on with,look forward to等。(4)动词+名词+介词在此类动词短语中，名词之前可加形容词来修饰，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如make friends with,make use of,pay attention to,take part in,take care of等。2.初中阶段常用的动词短语agree with同意arrive in/at到达ask for要求begin with以开始belong to属于be made from/of由制成break out （战争等）爆发bring back恢复；使想起；归还call （sb.） back （给某人）回电话call for要求;需要call in 召来；叫来call up打电话（给某人）；征召care about 关心;在意care for照顾；非常喜欢check out察看；观察cheer up （使）变得更高兴；振奋起来clean up 打扫（或清除）干净clean.off把擦掉come in进来come out出来；出版；（花朵）开花come on快点儿come up with想出；提出（主意、计划、回答等）come back回来come from来自compare.with 比较；对比connect.with把和连接或联系起来cut out删除；删去cut down砍倒；削减（开支）cut up切碎deal/do with应对；处理depend on依靠;信赖;取决于die of死于（疾病,饥饿,寒冷等内在原因）die from死于（交通事故等外界原因）die out绝种；灭绝die down逐渐变弱；逐渐消失o把分成dream of/about梦想；想象drive sb.crazy/mad使人发疯/发狂drop by顺便访问；随便进入end up以结束fall asleep进入梦乡；睡着fall behind落后fall down突然倒下；跌倒；倒塌fall into 落入;陷入里fall in love with sb.爱上某人fall off 从掉下fall over绊倒fight for争取获得（权力、自由等）fight against 同对抗fight with和并肩作战find out查明；弄清fix up修理；装饰get dressed穿上衣服get lost迷路get married结婚get on上车get off下车get over克服get on/along with和睦相处；关系良好get up起床；站起来get into （trouble） 陷入（困境中）get in the way of挡的路；妨碍get out of离开；从出来get to 到达get used to习惯于give away赠送；捐赠give out分发；散发give in （to sb.） （向某人）屈服give up放弃go along沿着走go through通过；经受go over复习go out of ones way特地；格外努力go up （价格）上涨；上升go against违反go away离开go to the/a doctor去看医生go by （时间）逝去；过去go down （价格）下跌；（日、月）西沉go on （with） 继续进行go out外出；熄灭go off （闹钟）发出响声 go for a walk去散步grow up长大；成熟；成长 hand in上交；提交hand out分发 hang out闲逛；常去某处have.in common有相同特征；（想法、兴趣等方面）相同have to do with关于；与有关系have a break/rest休息have a cold感冒have a fever发烧have a look看一看have a stomachache胃痛have a point有道理hear of/about听说hear from收到某人的来信hold on to坚持hold up举起hold on别挂电话keep up with跟上keep out 不使进入keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事keep.away from避免接近；远离keep on继续；坚持下来keep ones cool沉住气；保持冷静keep.to oneself保守秘密kick sb.off开除某人knock at/on敲knock into撞到某人身上laugh at嘲笑lay out摆开；布置learn about 获悉；得知learn from 从/向学习leave out不包括；不提及；忽略let.down使失望live on 以为食live by靠生活look for寻找；寻求look up （在词典、参考书中或通过电脑）查阅；抬头看look through快速查看；浏览look after照料；照顾look at 看一看look out当心look about/around/round四下查看look forward to盼望；期待look up to钦佩；仰慕look back at回首（往事）；回忆；回顾make sure确保；查明make.feel at home使（某人）感到宾至如归make a mess弄得一团糟（一塌糊涂）make an effort作出努力make ones own decision自己做决定make ones way前往；费力地前进make up编造（故事、谎言等）；组成make a difference （to.）（对）有影响；有作用mix up混合pass by路过；经过pay back还钱pay for付费；付出代价pay attention to注意；关注pick up拾起；接人；接电话；收听（节目）pick out挑选prepare for为做准备put down放下；写下put sth.to good use 好好利用某物put up张贴；举起；搭起put out扑灭put off推迟o放进里put away收起来放好put aside放到一边put back放回put on穿上（衣服等）；增加（体重）；发胖；（戏剧）上演run after追逐；追赶run away跑开run out （of） 用尽；耗尽search for 搜索；搜查sell out 卖光send out 发出；放出；射出send for派人去请separate from分离；隔开set up建起；设立set out出发；启程show up 出席;露面shut off关闭；停止运转stand out 突显；引人注目stand up 起立；站起来stay up 不睡觉;熬夜stick to坚持；固守talk about 讨论；谈论talk with/to.和交谈talk back回嘴；顶嘴take a message捎个口信；传话take.seriously认真对待take place发生；出现take after （外貌或行为）像take care of照顾；处理take off脱下（衣服等）；（飞机等）起飞take a risk/risks冒险take away拿走take part in参加take up （尤指为消遣）学着做；开始做take down拆除；往下拽；记录take a break/breaks休息take in 吸入；吞入（体内）take pride in为感到自豪take ones temperature量体温take the place of/take ones place代替take out the rubbish倒垃圾think of想起；考虑think about思考；考虑think over仔细考虑；反复掂量throw away 扔掉；抛弃try on试穿try out参加选拔；试用turn on接通（电流、煤气、水等）；打开turn off关掉（电流、煤气、水等）turn to翻到；转向求助turn down调低（音量、亮度等）；拒绝turn back往回走turn round转过身来turn up调高（音量、亮度等）o变成wait for等待；等候wake up 唤醒；弄醒；醒来work out （成功地）发展;解决worry about为担忧write down写下；记下【考点训练4】1.grandfather lives with us.we all _ him. （ ）a.look at b.look forc.look after d.look like2.as soon as she _ at home，sally knew she had bought the wrong dress. （ ）a.handed it in b.tried it onc.cut it out d.made it up3.dont _ too late，or you will feel tired in class.i wont，mum. （ ）a.call up b.wake upc.stay up d.get up 红色是答案【中考示例】(2017广西)you should _ your shoes before you enter the dance room. ( )a.take off b.put offc.get off d.fall off【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在进入舞蹈室之前你应当脱掉鞋子。a项意为“脱下(衣服等)”；b项意为“推迟”；c项意为“离开；动身；下车”；d项意为“跌落；减少”。【考题热身】1.(2017云南)youd better _ more time talking with your parents so that they can understand you better. （ ）a.spend b.take c.cost d.pay2.(2017云南)tom,the baby is sleeping.please _ the radio a bit. （ ）a.turn on b.turn offc.turn up d.turn down3.(2017安顺)if you try hard,your dream will _.yes,i _. （ ）a.come true;will b.be truly;willc.come true;do d.be tru