跨文化交际第二章文化与跨文化交际

.,ChapterTwo,CultureandInterculturalCommunication,Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.Confucius,.,Warm-upCase,FishIsFish,.,LearningObjectives,DefinethetermofcultureDescribethecharacteristicsofcultureUnderstandthenatureofcultureBeawareofculturaldifferences,.,Culture,Somepeopleinmanypartsoftheworldputdogsintheirovens,butpeopleintheUnitedStatesputthemontheircouchesandbeds.Why?SomepeopleinIranprayfivetimeseachdaywhilesittingonthefloor,butsomepeopleinLasVegassitupallnightinfrontofvideopokermachines.Why?Somepeoplepaintanddecoratetheirentirebodies,butothersspendhundredsofdollarspaintinganddecoratingonlytheirfaces.Why?SomepeopletalktoGod,butothershaveGodtalktothem,andstillotherssaythereisnoGod.Why?Somepeopleshakehandswhenintroducedtoastranger,butotherpeoplebowatsuchanencounter.Why?,.,Culture,Definitionsofculturearenumerous.Wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,socialhierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelationships,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.,.,TheBasicFunctionofCulture,Atthecoreofcultureistheideathatitisintendedtomakelifeeasierforpeopleby“teaching”themhowtoadapttotheirsurroundings.AstheEnglishwriterThomasFullerwrote200yearsago,Culturemakesallthingseasy.,.,ElementsofCulture,HistoryReligionValuesSocialorganizationsLanguage,.,CharacteristicsofCulture,CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.,.,CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.,Cultureislearnedinavarietyofwaysandfromahostofdifferentsources.Informallearning,whichisoftenverysubtle,normallytakesplacethroughinteraction,observationandimitation.Theformalteachingofacultureisfarmorestructuredandisoftenlefttothevariousinstitutionsoftheculture,suchasschoolsandchurches.,.,.,LearningCulturethroughProverbs,Onedoesnotmakethewindblowbutisblownbyit.Orderishalfoflife.Themouthmaintainssilenceinordertohearthehearttalk.Hewhospeakshasnoknowledgeandhewhohasknowledgedoesnotspeak.Howblessedisamanwhofindswisdom.Azebradoesnotdespiseitsstripes.,.,LearningCulturethroughProverbs,Loudthunderbringslittlerain.Amanstongueishissword.Asinglearrowiseasilybroken,butnotinabunch.Hewhostirsanothersporridgeoftenburnshisown.Theduckthatquacksisthefirsttogetshot.”,.,LearningCulturethroughProverbs.,StrikewhiletheironishotandHewhohesitatesislost.ActionsspeaklouderthanwordsandNothingventured,nothinggained.MandoesnotlivebybreadaloneandMakehaywhilethesunshines.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves,Pullyourselfupbyyourbootstraps,andNopain,nogain.Amanshomeishiscastle.Thesqueakywheelgetsthegrease.Varietyisthespiceoflife,Lightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace,andThereismorethanonewaytoskinacat.,.,HowwouldsomeonefromacultureotherthantheUnitedStatesinterpretthefollowingsentences?,Thereisjusttoomuchredtapeinvolvedinapplyingforafellowship.Passingthehistoryexaminationwasapieceofcake.Trynottodealwithhim;hesacutthroat.Thedeadlinehaspassed;IthinkIhavemissedtheboat.Theonlywayshecoulddoitwastogocoldturkey.,.,LearningCulturethroughFolktales,Legends,andMyths,Americansreverethetough,independent,fast-shootingcowboyoftheOldWest.TheEnglishadmiregoodmanners,courtlybehavior,anddignity,asisreflectedinthe“CanterburyTales”.TheJapaneselearnabouttheimportanceofduty,obligation,andloyaltyfrom“TheTaleoftheForty-SevenRonin”.TheChineseteachthefollyofimpatiencebytellingthetaleofafarmerwhodidnotliketheslowgrowthofhisplantssohetuggedonthemanincheachdayuntilhemanagedtouprootthem.,.,LearningCulturethroughArt,InAsiancultures,mostartdepictsobjects,animals,andlandscapesratherthanfocusingonpeople.AmericanandEuropeanart,however,oftenemphasizespeople.Whetherinportraitsofasinglepersonorpicturesofanentirefamily,peoplearethefocus.,.,LearningCulturethroughMassMedia,IntheUnitedStates,films,videogames,andtelevisionglorifyviolence.Thelanguageweuseinsportsmirrorsandsanctionsviolence.Watchingasportingeventontelevision,youllhearstatementslike“hehasthatkillerinstinct,”“heisaheadhunter,”“itswaronthatcourt,”“theyareoutforblood,”and“theyareplayingsmash-mouthdefense.”,.,CharacteristicsofCulture,CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.,.,CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration,Ifacultureistoendure,itmustmakecertainthatitscrucialmessagesandelementsarenotonlyshared,butarepassedontofuturegenerations.Inthisway,thepastbecomesthepresentandhelpsprepareforthefuture.,.,CharacteristicsofCulture,CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.,.,CultureIsBasedonSymbols,Themind,books,pictures,films,religiouswritings,videos,computeraccessories,andthelikeenableaculturetopreservewhatitdeemstobeimportantandworthyoftransmission.Themostimportantsymbolicaspectofcultureislanguage.,.,CharacteristicsofCulture,CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.,.,CultureIsSubjecttoChange,Culturesarehighlyadaptive.Althoughmanyaspectsofculturearesubjecttochange,thedeepstructureofacultureresistsmajoralterations.,.,CharacteristicsofCulture,CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.,.,CultureIsanIntegratedSystem,ThecivilrightsmovementintheUnitedStates,whichbeganinthe1960shasbroughtaboutchangesinhousingpatterns,discriminationpractices,educationalopportunities,thelegalsystem,careeropportunities,andevencommunication.ThisoneaspectofculturehasalteredAmericanattitudes,values,andbehaviors.,.,CharacteristicsofCulture,CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.,.,CultureIsEt