跨文化交际--language-and-culturePPT课件

.,1,Languageandinterculturalcommunication,.,2,Languageandculture,Whatslanguage?,cultureandwordmeaning,Languageandthought,Languageandsociety,Outline,.,3,Whatslanguage?,Languageisanorganizedsystemusingsignsthatcarryintentionalmeaningfromonepersontoanother.P.63,Whenwetalkaboutlanguages,weareusuallytalkingaboutorganizedsystemsratherthancommonknowledge.Andweoftenfollowtherules.I(S)like(V)you(O).Isbodylanguagealanguage?-notaformallanguage.,Humanmindisunabletocommunicatedirectlywithotherssothatweusesignstorepresenteverythingwehopetocommunicate:spokensigns,writtensigns,Signsbythemselvesaremeaninglessuntiltheyrepresentaspecificobject,actionoridea.,languageareintentionalcommunicationsystemsratherthanunintentionalones.Withoutintention,communicationisnotlanguage.eg:bodysmells(notalanguage),therearetwofactors:senderandaudience.Thesenderisusuallyreferredtoasthepersonproducingthemessagewhileaudienceusuallyreceivethemessage.HTML(HypertextMarkupLanguage)wouldnotbeconsideredalanguage.,.,4,CharacteristicsofLanguage,LanguageissymbolicRecountexperience/representabstractideaLanguageisrule-governedLanguageissubjectiveLanguageisdynamicandhasitsownlifecycle同志/小姐,.,5,CharacteristicsofLanguage,Languageisarbitrary.kangarooLanguageisconventional.Pleasechoosethecorrectmeaningof终身大事a.工作b.事业c.婚姻d.生死,.,6,Structureofhumanlanguage,.,7,VerbalinterculturalcommunicationRelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.,Masteringallthoserulesoflanguage，suchasphonology（语音体系）,morphology（词态学）,syntax（句法学）andsemantics（语义学）,isstillnotenoughforeffectivecommunication,forlanguageandculturecannotbeseparated.Theyareintertwined缠结,shapingeachother.,VerbalInterculturalCommunication,Languageandculture,.,8,relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,Languageisflesh,andcultureisblood.Withoutculture,languagewouldbedead;withoutlanguage,culturewouldhavenoshape.Communicationistheswimmingmotion,languageistheswimmingskill,andCultureiswater.Withoutlanguage,communicationwouldremaintoaverylimiteddegree(inveryshallowwater);Withoutculture,therewouldbenocommunicationatall.,.,9,RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCulture,Languageispartofculture.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture.Languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture.Languageandculturearecloselyrelated.,.,10,Languageandthought,.,11,Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkinganddifferentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Twopointsinhistheory:1)Languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;2)similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.,TheSapir-WhorfHypothesis(萨丕尔沃尔夫假说),.,12,Linguisticdeterminism(语言决定论):语言决定思维Linguisticrelativity(语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言的不同而不同。,.,13,Example1,1.Ifmylanguagehasonlyoneterm-brother-in-law-thatisappliedtomysistershusband,myhusbandsbrother,andmyhusbandssistershusbands,Iamledbymylanguagetoperceivealloftheserelativesinasimilarway.Vocabulary,throughwhatitgroupstogetherunderonelabelandwhatitdifferentiateswithdifferentlabels,isonewayinwhichlanguageshapesourperceptionoftheworld.,.,14,Example2,HaveyoureadtheChineseclassictheRedChamberDream?HowdidLinDaiyunandJiaBaoyurelatetoGrandmaJia?Didtheoldladylovebothofthem?Didshetreatthemasiftheywereequallyimportanttoher?Ifdifferently,why?Canyoufindtheequivalentsfor孙and外孙？,.,15,印欧语言：严式语言-严式思维轨迹-构造分析-逻辑演绎-智性精神汉语：宽式语言-宽式思维轨迹-整体领悟-类比联想-悟性精神,.,16,MoreabouttheSapir-WhorfhypothesisThestrongversion(强式说):EmphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatternsTheweakversion(弱式说):Suggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,thecross-culturaldifferencesproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative,ratherthancategorical.,.,17,Cultureandwordmeaning,.,18,CultureandWordMeaning,Worddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary任意的.Forexample,weliveinahouseinEnglish,wealsoliveinacasainSpanishandwestillliveinabaninThai.2.CorrespondingChinesewordscannotalwaysexplaintheEnglishwords.,.,19,a.Wordswithdifferentassociatedmeanings,Languagereflectstheenvironmentwelivein,history,custom,valuesandsoon,whicharediverseindifferentcultures.Sowordsthatrefertothesameobjectmayhavedifferentassociated（联想的）meanings.Theculturally-loadedwordsandexpressionsaregoodexamplesshowingtheculturalinfluenceonthemeaningsofwords.,VerbalInterculturalCommunication,.,20,EnglishPhoenix(凤凰),ChinesePhoenix(凤凰),VerbalInterculturalCommunication,.,21,ChineseDragon(龙),EnglishDragon(龙),VerbalInterculturalCommunication,.,22,b.Wordswithoutcounterpartinanotherlanguage,Languagereflectsculture,andculturaldiversityleadstothelackofvocabularyequivalence,conceptequivalenceandexperienceequivalence.Therefore,therearealotofwordsthatwefailtofindthecounterpartsinanotherlanguage.Forexample,theEnglishword“hippies”,“motel”,wecannotfindexactcounterpartinChinese.,AmericanHippiesinthe1960s,AmericanMotel,.,23,Wordmeanings,.,24,.,25,Dialectindifferentculture,Differenttownhasdifferentdialect.If2personscomingfromdifferentplacesdonotlearnPutonghua,theywillconfusedbyseparatedialect.,.,26,Dialects,RegionaldialectsDialectdiversitydevelopswhenpeopleareseparatedgeographicallyChinesedialects/BritishdialectsSocialdialectsSocialboundariesandclassdifferencesBlackEnglishVernacular-corruptedEnglish?GenderlectsStandardandnon-standarddialectStereotypeandlanguageattitude,Heworkin.HebeworkinHebesteadyworkin.seofaintasageneralnegativeindicator.Ididntgonowhere,Word-finaldevoicingof/b/,/d/,and/Word-initially,/isd,.,27,Socialdialects,WilliamLabov(拉波夫):afamoussociolinguistHeconductedasurveyintheCityofNewYorkinthemiddleof1960s.TheobjectiveofhissurveywastoexaminetherelationshipbetweenspeakerssocialstatusandtheirphonologicalVARIATIONS.TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity(1966)纽约英语的社会阶层性Labovexplicitlydelineatedthepatternsofstratificationbyclassandstyleandsuccessfullyintroducedclassasanindispensablesociolinguisticvariable.调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的r音的情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后r音的保留被认为是社会中上层人士说话的标志,.,28,genderlect,Decidewhichofthefollowingispossiblyspokenbyafemale:1.Iwassonaive.2.Mygoodness,theresthevice-chancelor!3.Shutup.4.Youhavedoneit,haventyou?5.Wontyoupleasegetmethatglass?6.Illbedamned,theresafriendofmine.7.Oh,dear,thecupisbroken.,.,29,*featuresforwomanlanguage:1.Womenusemore“fancy”colortermssuchasmauve(palepurple)andbeige(palebrown);2.Womenuselesspowerfulcursewords;3.Womenusemoretagquestions;4.Womenpreferusinghedge(e.g.sortof,Iguess)andintensifiers(e.g.so,very,really,absolutely);5.Womenslinguisticbehaviorismoreindirectand,hence,morepolitethanmens.,.,30,Standardandnon-standarddialect,Standardandnon-standarddialect:astandardizeddialect:supportedbyinstitutions,likegovernment,schools,publishedgrammars,dictionaries,andtextbooksTrueorFalse“Onemoreprestigious,acceptedlanguagedialect”-“anylanguagethataredifferentfromthestandarddialectiscorrupted/brokenvariety”,.,31,LanguageattitudeinEnglish,theBrummieaccent-leastintelligentaccent.Itevenscoredlowerthanbeingsilent,anexampleofthestereotypeattachedtotheBrummieaccent,(socialsnobbery,negativemediastereotyping,thepoorpublicimageoftheCityofBirmingham,andthenorth/southgeographicalandlinguisticdivide),.,32,Languagecontact,Situationinwhichgroupsofspeakersofdifferentlanguagescomeintocontactwithoneanother,e.g.,geographyconquesttrade,.,33,Languagecontact,LanguagecontactoccurswhentwoormorelanguagesorvarietiesinteractinthesamespeechcommunityLanguagecontactistheuseofmorethanonelanguageinthesameplaceatthesametime,.,34,LanguageContact-Outcomes,Whathappenswhencultureswithdifferentlanguagescomeintocontact?A.Widespreadbilingualism(usuallywithcode-switching)B.Selectionofalinguafranca:Anylanguageusedtoenablecommunicationbetweengroupsofpeopledifferingwithnativelanguages.(naturalorconstructedlanguages)Twopossiblestrategies:(1)Employanalreadyexistinglanguagea.natural(e.g.,Swahili,English)b.artificial(e.g.,Esperanto)(2)Formnewlanguage(Pidgin),.,35,LinguaFranca,oftencapitalized:Alinguafrancaisalanguageorwayofcommunicatingwhichisusedbetweenpeoplewhodonotspeakoneanothersnativelanguage.Eg.EnglishisrapidlybecomingthelinguafrancaofAsiaLatinforEuropeanscholarsinthe18thcentury;ArabicforMid-Asians;Frenchfordiplomacy;PutonghuafortheminorethnicsinChina;Englishforallthepeopleintheworld.,.,36,Pidgin,Areducedlanguagethatresultsfromextendedcontactbetweengroupsofpeoplewithnolanguageincommon;itevolveswhentheyneedsomemeansofverbalcommunication,perhapsfortrade,butnogrouplearnsthenativelanguageofanyothergroupforsocialreasonsthatmayincludelackoftrustorofclosecontact.,.,37,Pidgin,featuresLimitedfunctionsofuseAdjunctlanguage(noonespeaksonlyapidgin)LinguisticallysimplifiedDeveloptheirownrulesandnormsofusage,ExamplesWestAfricanPidginEnglishChinookJargon,NativeAmerican,British,&FrenchtradersinthePacificNorthwest,19thc.SolomonIslandPidgin,SolomonIslands,nostrictwordordersinglesetofpronounsxnocomplexsentencesxnodeterminersxnogrammaticalgenderxnoinflectionalmorphologyplurals:noun+3rdpersonpronoun,.,38,ExamplesofPidginvocabulary,talk-talktalktalk(chatter)looklook(stare)crycry-crycontinuallysan-sunsansan-sand,.,39,ExamplesofPidginvocabulary,InCameroonPidginf-to,at,in,forandfromGifdibukf.Demdeifchs.Dudiswanfme,abeg.,Givethebooktome,Theyareinthechurch,Dothisforme,please,.,40,Superstrate:EnglishSubstrate:OceaniclanguagesWhatdoes-immean?Minoluk-impikipikibulongiuInotsee-HIM?pigbelongyou(“Ididntseeyourpig.”)*Minolukpikipikibulongiu.,Example:SolomonIslandsPidgin,.,41,SolomonsPidginintransitivetransitiveluklookluk-imseesomethingsutshootsut-imshootsomethingKwaio(Oceaniclanguage)agalookaga-siseesomethingfanashootfana-sishootsomething,Example,continued,.,42,Pidgin,Habgatleningkumdaun.(Havegotrainingcomedown)“Thereisraincomingdown”Tumolomainokankum.(Tomorrowmynocancome)“TomorrowIcantcome”Mainohabkachibasket(Mynohavecatchbasket)“Ididntbringabasket.”,.,43,外国主人回家，看见玻璃窗打碎了，便问仆人缘故，仆人很流利地用“洋泾浜”回答：“inside（里面）吱吱吱，outside（外面）喵喵喵，glass（玻璃）克郎当！”洋主人一听就乐了，原来是猫抓老鼠闯的祸。洋行老板让中国司机到大光明电影院买电影票，司机空手而归，指手划脚地告诉老板：“Manmountainmansea，todaynosee，tomorrowsee，tomorrowsee，samesee！”老板也听懂了：人山人海，今天看不成了，明天看吧，明天看，还是那个影片！,.,44,44,上海话中的洋泾