2021版高考英语大一轮复习 核心素养测评十四 Unit 2 The environment 牛津译林版必修5

核心素养测评十四 unit 2the environment. 阅读理解coca-cola, which reportedly produced more than 3 million tons of plastic packaging in 2017, announced thursday it wants to “help fix the worlds plastic waste problem one community (社区) at a time”. the soda giant is doing so by providing $ 5. 4 million for recycling programs in cities like atlanta, boston, denver and houston. in these cities, partners, like the green blue institute and the recycling partnership, which receive the money, will work together to improve recycling rates. “we focus on areas where we have the ability to make the biggest influence on communities through the funding and expert skills of coca-cola employees, ” carlos pagoagoa, coca-colas group director of community partnerships, said in a statement. “in each city, local partners will work together to identify barriers to recycling on a local level and test a range of solutions, ” he added. “we hope the learnings from these model markets can offer solutions to other cities facing similar challenges. ”as part of the effort, the recycling partnership and the city of atlanta, where the cola companys headquarters are based, will send street teams out to open recycling carts and leave citizens cards informing them what they can and cant recycle, and let them know how their efforts work. “two of the most urgent problems with recycling in the u. s. today are lack of access, followed by pollution in recycling, ” keefe harrison, ceo of the recycling partnership, said in a statement. “we know from the success of atlanta in 2017 that the citizens want to recycle, and that communicating with them in the street works. ”last year, coca-cola announced its task to collect and reuse a bottle or can for each one it sells, and increase the amount of its products out of recycled materials to 50% by 2030. the brand also aims to make all its packaging fully recyclable by 2025. 【文章大意】本文是一篇环保类短文阅读。文章主要讲述可口可乐公司将提高产品包装材料的回收率, 直至其所有包装完全可回收。1. what does coca-cola company intend to do in the program? a. produce less packaging. b. help deal with plastic waste. c. pick up waste in communities. d. build a plant to recycle plastic waste. 【解析】选b。 细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知, 可口可乐公司宣布, 计划帮助一个社区解决一次全球塑料垃圾问题。故选b。2. whats paragraph 2 mainly about? a. how coca-cola conducts its program. b. what organizations participate in the program. c. how coca-cola chooses cities for the program. d. what the local people do in coca-colas program. 【解析】选a。 段落大意题。根据文章第二段可口可乐公司为亚特兰大、波士顿、丹佛和休斯顿等城市的回收项目提供资金, 并与合作伙伴共同努力来提高回收率, 从而可知, 本段主要讲述可口可乐是如何执行其计划的。故选a。3. what do street teams do to help? a. sort out various waste in the city. b. look into the cause of pollution. c. instruct local people what to recycle. d. hand cards to the locals in person. 【解析】选c。 细节理解题。根据文章第四段as part of the effort, the recycling partnership and the city of atlanta, where the cola companys headquarters are based, will send street teams out to open recycling carts and leave citizens cards informing them what they can and cant recycle, and let them know how their efforts work. 街头团队, 给市民留下卡片, 告诉他们什么可以回收, 什么不能回收, 可知, 街头团队指导当地居民如何回收利用。故选c。4. what does keefe harrison think of the program? a. promising. b. difficult. c. pioneering. d. costly. 【解析】选a。 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“we know from the success of atlanta in 2017 that the citizens want to recycle, and that communicating with them in the street works. ” 市民们想要回收垃圾, 在街上与他们交流是有效的, 可以推断出, keefe harrison认为此项目是有希望的。故选a。【知识拓展】长难句分析as part of the effort, the recycling partnership and the city of atlanta, where the cola companys headquarters are based, will send street teams out to open recycling carts and leave citizens cards informing them what they can and cant recycle, and let them know how their efforts work. 分析: where引导定语从句, what引导宾语从句, how引导宾语从句。翻译: 作为努力的一部分, 回收伙伴和可口可乐公司总部所在的亚特兰大市将派出街头团队, 打开回收车, 给市民留下卡片, 告诉他们什么可以回收, 什么不能回收, 并让他们知道自己的努力如何奏效。b世纪金榜导学号chinese dishes are popular around the world now. but 100 years ago, few foreigners were lucky enough to have a taste of typical chinese food. chop suey(炒杂碎) is among those dishes that were famous in western society then. the origin of this chinese-american dish is a bit of a mystery. legend has it that, while he was visiting new york city, chinese ambassador li hung changs cooks invented the dish for his american guests at a dinner on august 29, 1896. but is this legend true? whether or not the tale is entirely true, li hung chang definitely influenced the creation of chop suey. when li visited the u. s. in august 1896, cheering americans lined the streets hoping to catch a glimpse of this important visitor and his famous yellow jacket, because of which many mistaken him as the emperor of china because they heard yellow was a special color reserved for royalties. as the guest of honor, li seldom tried american food and champagne that was offered to him and ate only meals specially prepared by his personal cooks. in reality, chop suey was probably not invented by li hung changs cooks, but americas fascination with this royal visitor from asia and his team of personal cooks gave rise to new interest in chinese cooking. after 1896, americans began to visit chinese restaurants in large numbers for the first time. chop suey set out to sweep big cities such as new york and san francisco. questioning the origins of the chop suey story, scholars believe restaurant owners used the popular ambassadors name to inspire interest in a chinese dish adapted for americans by their own cooks. newspaper owners used the same strategy to sell more papers. the new york journal took advantage of li hung changs popularity to claim in an advertising poster, “li hung chang never misses sunday journal. ” 【文章大意】文章介绍了一道中式菜炒杂碎风靡美国, 以及这道菜怎么和李鸿章扯上关系的故事。5. what does the underlined phrase “ a bit of a mystery” in paragraph 1 mean? a. ignored. b. discovered. c. unknown. d. confirmed. 【解析】选c。词义猜测题。 文章第一段画线短语所在的句子和最后一句对炒杂碎的传说提出了怀疑, 因此这道菜的起源不得而知, 因此c项正确。6. why did americans think li hung chang was the emperor of china? a. he had a personal cook. b. he wore a yellow jacket. c. he looked like the emperor. d. he didnt try american food. 【解析】选b。细节理解题。文章第二段提及. . . his famous yellow jacket, because of which many mistaken him as the emperor of china, 因为李鸿章身着黄马褂, 所以被误认为是中国皇帝。因此b项正确。7. according to the text, who are probably the inventors of chop suey? a. the chinese ambassador. b. american restaurant cooks. c. american restaurant owners. d. li hung changs personal cooks. 【解析】选b。 细节理解题。文章最后一段提及. . . a chinese dish adapted for americans by their own cooks, 美国餐厅的厨师们为美国的顾客们专门创造了一道菜, 可知b项正确。8. what is the main idea of the text? a. how chop suey became popular. b. what li hung chang ate in america. c. why li hung chang visited new york. d. how restaurants cooked the famous chop suey. 【解析】选a。主旨大意题。文章记录了中式菜炒杂碎怎样风靡美国, 因此a项正确。. 阅读填句(2020黄山模拟)since the 1980s eco-tourism has grown and grown. it is the fastest growing type of tourism. if done well, eco-tourism has several advantages. it is kinder to the environment. 1 this means that more natural habitats are protected and that the resources for building come from sustainable (可持续的) sources. another advantage is that people in the developed world through eco-tourism get to experience places of great natural importance as well as communicating with local people. 2 however, there are some disadvantages of eco-tourism. it is felt by some environmentalists that any human activity will cause disorder in the routine of animals. 3 another problem for local people is that they are expected to pose for cameras and dance etc. for money. 4 the tourists are destroying the culture that they are paying to protect. eco-tourism tries to go to the places far away from other communities. 5 there is nothing stopping people taking money from tourists as well as doing environmentally unfriendly activities. it seems that the disadvantages often outweigh the advantages of eco-tourism. it might be better to take pictures of animals rather than kill animals, but given the choice the animals would sooner not have people around. it seems whether eco-tourism should be allowed or should be judged case-by-case, and that the local people must be considered. a. these places are often not well policed. b. people walking through the forest may do much harm. c. and these activities will also damage the eco-system. d. it seldom ends with peoples going people to untouched parts of the world. e. this is good for both parties: they both can better understand each other. f. and it encourages developers to consider the natural environment more. g. it discourages the local people from pursuing their traditional life styles. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 介绍了生态旅游的优点和缺点。1. 【解析】选f。 根据本空前的“if done well, eco-tourism has several advantages. it is kinder to the environment. ”可知, 生态旅游有很多好处, 比如, 它更环保, 此处说的是另一个好处, 故f项(它鼓励开发者更多地考虑自然环境)符合语境。2. 【解析】选e。 根据本空前的“people in the developed world through eco-tourism get to experience places of great natural importance as well as communicating with local people. ”可知, 通过生态旅游, 发达国家的人们可以去极具自然价值的地方体验, 也可与当地人交流, 此处是说与当地人交流的好处, 故e项(这对双方都有好处: 他们都能更好地理解对方)符合语境。3. 【解析】选c。 根据本空前的“it is felt by some environmentalists that any human activity will cause disorder in the routine of animals. ”可知, 环保人士认为任何人类活动都会导致动物的日常生活紊乱, 此处承接上文, 讲的是人类活动的另一个负面影响, 故c项(这些活动也会破坏生态系统)符合语境。4. 【解析】选g。 根据本空前的“another problem for local people is that they are expected to pose for cameras and dance etc. for money. ”可知, 当地人的另一个问题是他们被要求站在镜头前摆好姿势、跳舞等赚钱, 此处说的是这个问题对当地人的生活的影响, 故g项(它阻碍了当地人追求他们传统的生活方式)符合语境。5. 【解析】选a。 根据本空前的“eco-tourism tries to go to the places far away from other communities. ”可知, 生态旅游试图去那些远离其他社区的地方, 此处承接上文, 讲的是这些地方的情况, 故a项(这些地方往往治安不佳)符合语境。. 语法填空阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入1个适当单词或括号内单词的正确形式。the amazon fires finally 1. (start)to get the attention of the world recently. the 2. (lose) of trees and the sunblotting smoke are obvious 3. (consequence) of these massive fires. another problem is a large amount of carbon monoxide which most people are familiar with because it can be harmful 4. humans. if 5. (expose) to it for even a short period of time, carbon monoxide can quickly replace oxygen in the blood, 6. can cause serious or even fatal outcomes. the gas is odorless, colorless, and tasteless so it is 7. (particular) dangerous. the image above 8. (capture) by an instrument called the atmospheric infrared sounder (airs) aboard the aqua satellite. in the animation, 9. is clear that the plume of carbon monoxide starts in the region of burning fires 10. then drifts southeast ward into brazil and other parts of the continent. 【文章大意】文章主要介绍了亚马逊大火释放出大量对人体有害的一氧化碳。1. 【解析】have started。考查动词的时态。根据状语recently, 应用现在完成时。故填have started。2. 【解析】loss。考查名词。冠词后应接名词作主语, 应使用动词lose的名词形式。故填loss。3. 【解析】consequences。考查名词复数。consequence为可数名词, 根据谓语are, 应用复数形式。故填consequences。4. 【解析】to。考查介词。be harmful to意为“对有害”, 是固定搭配故填介词to。5. 【解析】exposed。考查状语从句的省略。分析句子结构可知, if引导的条件状语从句为省略句式, 即从句主语和主句主语一致, 从句谓语中有be动词的某种形式。其完整的从句为if carbon monoxide is. . . , 由此可知主语carbon monoxide与动词expose之间是动宾关系, 故填过去分词exposed。6. 【解析】which。考查非限制性定语从句, 此处关系代词在从句中作主语, 代指前面的句子, 故填which。7. 【解析】particularly。考查副词。根据副词修饰形容词dangerous可知。故填particularly。8. 【解析】was captured。考查动词的时态和语态。句意: 上图就是aqua卫星上的大气红外探测器(airs)捕捉到的画面。可知动作发生在过去, 并与主语image为动宾关系。故填was captured。9. 【解析】it。此处it作形式主语, 真正的主语是后面的that引导的主语从句。10. 【解析】and。由starts, then drifts可知应用and连接并列谓语。【知识拓展】佳词积累1. massive adj. 巨大的2. carbon monoxide 一氧化碳3. fatal adj. 致命的4. odorless adj. 无味的5. image n. 图像; 形象 6. animation n. 动画【阅读理解】if you buy a washing machine, a fridge or a television in europe, it comes with a sticker. thanks to a 1992 eu rule, all appliances must be labelled (贴标签) with their energy efficiency. so why has our food system-which threatens 10, 000 species with extinction, produces about 30% of greenhouse gases, and drives 80% of our air pollution-only ever had voluntary eco-labels? the appliances ruling had a huge impact; initially, 75% of fridges and freezers were rated g to d(low efficiency), but today 98% are classed a+ or a+. worldwide, the energy efficiency of labelled appliances has increased three times faster than appliances without labels. introducing an equal system for food could have an even bigger impact. mandatory environmental labels would change how we produce and consume in far-reaching ways. first, producers would have to measure their impacts in a uniform way and be accountable for the results. this would not be expensive: it is free to monitor environmental impacts using digital tools such as fieldprint and the cool farm tool. second, they support sustainable consumption. our research found that products that look, taste and cost the same can have dramatically different environmental impacts. high-impact beef producers use 5, 7000% more land and create 1, 000% more greenhouse gases than low-impact producers. labels would allow consumers to tell these products apart. they would highlight both high-impact and low-impact producers, in the same way, across multiple products. this would encourage more people to think about their choices by exposing them to the facts every time they are in the shops. we can also use labels to turn smaller consumer changes into large environmental benefits: because a small number of producers create a large share of the impact, simply avoiding high-impact producers can make a huge contribution to pollution reductions. 【文章大意】本文是议论文。自欧盟出台家电强制环保规定以来, 家电的能耗逐年下降。作者认为也应在食品上加上强制环保标识, 以降低食品零售业的能耗。1. why does the author mention the appliances in paragraph 1? a. to applaud the 1992 eu rule. b. to bring up the topic of labelling food. c. to point out the pollution they caused. d. to compare their energy consumption rates. 【解析】选b。推理判断题。第一段中作者预设了“在欧洲购买家电”的情景, 由此引出1992年欧盟出台的针对家电的强制环保标识, 随即设问“为何不在食品上也加上类似的环保标识”。由此可知, 作者在第一段中提到洗衣机、冰箱、电视机这些家电是为了引出“给食品加环保标识”的话题。故选b。2. what do the figures in paragraph 2 show? a. the importance of saving energy. b. the debate about eco-labelled appliances. c. the effectiveness of the appliances ruling. d. the problem caused by appliances of low efficiency. 【解析】选c。细节理解题。根据第二段中的75% of fridges and freezers were rated g to d (low efficiency), but today 98% are classed a+ or a+. worldwide, the energy efficiency of labelled appliances has increased three times faster than appliances without labels. 可知, 作者在第二段中将未使用环保标识前家电的能耗与使用环保标识后家电的能耗作了对比, 用真实的数据证实了“环保标识”的有效性。故选c。3. what does the underlined word “mandatory” in paragraph 3 mean? a. compulsory. b. effective. c. different. d. independent. 【解析】选a。词义猜测题。根据第一段中的all appliances must be labelled with their energy efficiency. so why has our food system. . . had voluntary eco-labels? 及第二段的末句introducing an equal system for food could have an even bigger impact. 可知, 家电上的环保标识是强制性的, 作者在文中建议在食品上加上与家电上类似的环保标识, 由此可知, mandatory意为“强制性的”。must be, voluntary及equal是解题的关键词。故选a。4. what can be learned about eco-labels? a. they will increase the profits of low-impact producers. b. they can show producers environmental impacts. c. they will guide consumers to buy healthier food. d. they can expose consumers to more products. 【解析】选b。 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的they would highlight both high-impact and low-impact producers, in the same way, across multiple products. 可知, 环保标识能够将高能耗与低能耗的食品生产者区别开来。也就是说, 环保标识能指示食品生产者的能耗。故选b。【知识拓展】佳词积累1. efficiency n. 效能, 效率2. extinction n. 灭绝, 消亡3. drive vt. 驱动, 驱使4. initially adv. 起初, 最初5. monitor vt. 检查; 监视6. sustainable adj. 可持续的. 阅读理解environmental experts warn that our planet is drowning in plastic. the worlds cities produce 2 billion tons of trash every year. by the year 2050 that number is expected to rise to 3 billion tons. the world bank estimates that the largest amount of trash today, about 44 percent, is plastic. but we often have to buy packaged goods. and often that packaging is made of plastic. now, that may be changing. a new environmentally-friendly shopping model was recently launched at the world economic forum in davos, switzerland. this shopping model, called loop, aims to replace throw away containers with reusable ones. loop is the idea of terra cycle, an american-based recycling company. its chief, tom szaky, told the associated press (ap) that “removing plastics from the ocean is not enough”. he said the point is to get away from single-use packages. szaky said that loop is the future of shopping. but it comes from an idea of the past. he compared it to the “milkman model” of the 1950s in the united states. back then, someone brought milk to your doorstep in glass bottles and then left with empty bottles. these could be cleaned and used again. the result is zero-waste. jennifer morgan from the environmental non-profit organization greenpeace also joined in the discussion about loop in davos. she said that “greenpeace welcomes the aim of the loop alliance to move away from throwaway culture and disposability. ” but morgan questioned whether companies worldwide are ready to change their business models. loop is set to launch later this year in three eastern u. s. states, and also in paris, france and some of the surrounding area. then loop plans to expand to the u. s. west coast, toronto, canada and britain by the end of this year or 2020. 【文章大意】本文是一篇环境保护类短文阅读。文章主要介绍美国一家公司推出一种新的“零浪费”购物模式。1. what does the author intend to do in paragraph 2? a. provide background information. b. advocate zero-waste lifestyle. c. explain the reason for trash. d. introduce a new topic. 【解析】选a。推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知, 世界上的城市每年产生大量的垃圾, 并且其中最大的垃圾量是塑料, 结合下文可知, 作者写本段是为下文提出新的购物模式提供背景信息。故选a。2. whe