雅-思-阅-读-梁---俊ppt课件

.,1,雅思阅读,梁俊,.,2,ForthecenturybeforeJohnsonsDictionarywaspublishedin1775,therehadbeenconcernaboutthestateoftheEnglishlanguage.约翰逊博士的字典于1775年出版，在此之前的一个世纪，人们一直对英语的发展状况担忧。,.,3,TherewasnostandardwayofspeakingorwritingandnoagreementastothebestwayofbringingsomeordertothechaosofEnglishspelling.DrJohnsonprovidedthesolution.asto至于withrespectto/inregardto/withregardto/speakingof/asconcerning口语和书面语没有统一的标准，对于如何整顿英语拼写混乱的局面也没有统一的看法。正是约翰逊博士为这一问题提供了解决方案。,.,4,Therehad,ofcourse,beendictionariesinthepast,thefirstofthesebeingalittlebookofsome120pages,compiledbyaRobertCawdray,publishedin1604。当然，在此之前也有过一些字典。其中最早的是一本约120页的小册子，有一个叫RobertCawdray的人编辑。,.,5,Likethevariousdictionariesthatcameafteritduringtheseventeenthcentury,Cawdraystendedtoconcentrateonscholarlywords;onefunctionofthedictionarywastoenableitsstudenttoconveyanimpressionoffinelearning.正如后来17世纪出版的许多字典一样，Cawdray倾向于着重收录学术词汇。这本字典的功能之一就是使字典的使用者能体现出良好的学术修养。,.,6,Beyondthepracticalneedtomakeorderoutofchaos,theriseofdictionariesisassociatedwiththeriseoftheEnglishmiddleclass,whowereanxioustodefineandcircumscribethevariousworldstoconquerlexicalaswellassocialandcommercial.除了规范英语混乱状态的实际需要外英语字典的兴盛也与英国中产阶级的兴起有关。这些中产阶级渴望对各种要征服的环境进行定义和约束，包括词汇环境、社会环境和商业环境。beassociatedwith与联系在一起belinketo,.,7,TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN,8.Thegrowingimportanceofthemiddleclassesledtoanincreaseddemandfordictionaries.,.,8,ItishighlyappropriatethatDrSamuelJohnson,theverymodelofaneighteenth-centuryliteraryman,asfamousinhisowntimeasinours,shouldhavepublishedhisdictionaryattheverybeginningoftheheydayofthemiddleclass.塞缪尔约翰逊博士作为18世纪文学家的典型代表，在当时和现在都享有盛誉，他在中产阶级正如日中天时出版他的字典真是再合适不过了。,.,9,TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN,9.Johnsonhasbecomemorewellknownsincehisdeath.,.,10,Johnsonwasapoetandcriticwhoraisedcommonsensetotheheightsofgenius.约翰逊是诗人、批评家，他将常识提高到了天赋的高度。,.,11,Hisapproachtotheproblemsthathadworriedwritersthroughoutthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieswasintenselypractical.对于那些从17世纪晚期到18世纪早期一直困扰着作家的问题，约翰逊的解决方法是非常实用的。,.,12,Upuntilhistime,thetaskofproducingadictionaryonsuchalargescalehadseemedimpossiblewithouttheestablishmentofanacademytomakedecisionsaboutrightandwrongusage.在约翰逊之前，如果没有专门的学术机构判别正确与错误的用法，要出版这样一部大型字典几乎是不可能的。,.,13,Johnsondecidedhedidnotneedanacademytosettleargumentsaboutlanguage;hewouldwriteadictionaryhimself;andhewoulddoitsingle-handed.约翰逊则认为不需要学术机构来解决语言上的争端，他要自己编一本字典，而且要自己亲手去编。,.,14,TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN,10.johnsonhadbeenplanningtowriteadictionaryforseveralyears.11.Johnsonsetupanacademytohelpwiththewritingofhisdictionary.,.,15,JohnsonsignedthecontractforthedictionarywiththebooksellerRobertDosleyatabreakfastheldattheGoldenAnchorInnnearHolbornBaron18June1764.1764年6月18日，约翰逊与书商RobertDosley在Holborn酒店附近的GoldenAnchor旅店吃早餐时，签订了关于这本字典的合同。,.,16,Hewastobepaid1,575ininstallments,andfromthishetookmoneytorent17GoughSquare,inwhichhesetuphisdictionaryworkshop.约翰逊因此获得了总价值1575英镑的分期付款，他从这些钱中拿出一些租下了17Gough广场，在这里建起了自己的“字典作坊”。,.,17,TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN,12.johnsononlyreceivedpaymentforhisdictionaryonitscompletion.,.,18,JamesBoswell,hisbiographer,describedthegarretwhereJohnsonworkedfitteduplikeacountinghousewithalongdeskrunningdownthemiddleatwhichthecoppingclerkswouldworkstandingup.JamesBoswell曾为约翰逊作传，他描述说约翰逊工作的阁楼就像一个账房，中间有一张尝尝的桌子，负责抄写的工作人员站着工作。,.,19,Johnsonhimselfwasstationedonaricketychairatanolddealtablesurroundedbyachaosofborrowedbooks.约翰逊坐在一把快要散架的椅子上，面前是一张老式的摇摇晃晃的文案桌，周围乱七八糟堆放着一堆借来的书。,.,20,Hewasalsohelpedbysixassistants,tw