The-Literature-of-American-RomanticismPPT课件

.,1,AmericanLiterature,.,2,Part3TheLiteratureofAmericanRomanticism,.,3,Section1EarlyRomanticPeriod,WhatisRomanticism?AnapproachfromancientGreek:PlatoAliterarytrend:18cinBritain(17981832),.,4,I.Preview:Characteristicsofromanticism,1.subjectivity(1)feelingandemotions,findingtruth(2)emphasisonimagination(3)emphasisonindividualismpersonalfreedom,noheroworship,naturalgoodnessofhumanbeings2.backtomedieval,esp.medievalfolkliterature(1)unrestrainedbyclassicalrules(2)fullofimagination(3)colloquiallanguage(4)freedomofimagination(5)genuineinfeeling3.backtonaturenatureis“breathinglivingthing”(Rousseau),.,5,II.AmericanRomanticism,1.Background(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment(2)RomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesDerivativeforeigninfluence2.features(1)Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.(2)ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.(3)The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.(4)Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.,.,6,III.WashingtonIrving,1.severalnamesattachedtoIrving(1)firstAmericanwriter(2)themessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworld(3)fatherofAmericanliterature,.,7,2.life3.works(1)AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty(2)TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(Hewonameasureofinternationalrecognitionwiththepublicationofthis.)(3)TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus(4)AChronicleoftheConquestofGranada(5)TheAlhambra,.,8,4.Literarycareer:twoparts(1)18091832a.SubjectsareeitherEnglishorEuropeanb.Conservativelovefortheantique(2)18321859:backtoUS,.,9,5.stylebeautiful(1)gentility,urbanity,pleasantness(2)avoidingmoralizingamusingandentertaining(3)envelopingstoriesinanatmosphere(4)vividandtruecharacters(5)humoursmilingwhilereading(6)musicallanguage,.,10,IV.JamesFenimoreCooper,1.life2.works(1)Precaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAustensPrideandPrejudice)(2)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)(3)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie,.,11,3.pointofviewthethemeofwildernessvs.civilization,freedomvs.law,ordervs.change,aristocratvs.democrat,naturalrightsvs.legalrights,.,12,4.style(1)highlyimaginative(2)goodatinventingtales(3)goodatlandscapedescription(4)conservative(5)characterizationwoodenandlackinginprobability(6)languageanduseofdialectnotauthentic,.,13,5.literaryachievementsHecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.IfthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesis,inasense,theprocessoftheAmericansettlersexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward,thenCoopersLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.,.,14,Section2SummitofRomanticismAmericanTranscendentalism,Background:foursources1.Unitarianism(1)FatherhoodofGod(2)Brotherhoodofmen(3)LeadershipofJesus(4)Salvationbycharacter(perfectionofonescharacter)(5)Continuedprogressofmankind(6)Divinityofmankind(7)Depravityofmankind,.,15,2.RomanticIdealismCenteroftheworldisspirit,absolutespirit(Kant)3.OrientalmysticismCenteroftheworldis“oversoul”4.PuritanismEloquentexpressionintranscendentalism,.,16,II.Appearance1836,“Nature”byEmerson,.,17,III.Features:1.spirit/oversoul2.importanceofindividualism3.naturesymbolofspirit/Godgarmentoftheoversoul4.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness),.,18,IV.Influence:1.Itservedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.Itstressedreligioustolerance,calledtothrowoffshacklesofcustomsandtraditionsandgoforwardtothedevelopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.2.Itadvocatedidealismthatwasgreatneededinarapidlyexpandedeconomywhereopportunityoftenbecameopportunism,andthedesireto“geton”obscuredthemoralnecessityforrisingtospiritualheight.3.IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissanceoneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.,.,19,V.RalphWaldoEmerson,1.life2.works(1)Nature(2)Twoessays:TheAmericanScholar,ThePoet,.,20,3.pointofview(1)Onemajorelementofhisphilosophyishisfirmbeliefinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”.(2)Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andthemostsanctifyingmoralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanentGodinnature.(3)Ifmandependsuponhimself,cultivateshimselfandbringsoutthedivineinhimself,hecanhopetobecomebetterandevenperfect.ThisiswhatEmersonmeansby“theinfinitudeofman”.(4)Everyoneshouldunderstandthathemakeshimselfbymakinghisworld,andthathemakestheworldbymakinghimself.,.,21,4.aestheticideas(1)Heisacompleteman,aneternalman.(2)Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.(3)Thepoetshouldexpresshisthoughtinsymbols.(4)Astotheme,EmersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericawhichwastohimalonepoeminitself.5.hisinfluence,.,22,VI.HenryDavidThoreau,1.life2.works(1)AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiver(2)Walden(3)APleaforJohnBrown(anessay),.,23,3.pointofview(1)HedidnotlikethewayamaterialisticAmericawasdevelopingandwasvehementlyoutspokenonthepoint.(2)Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbytheslaverysystem.(3)LikeEmerson,butmorethanhim,Thoreausawnatureasagenuinerestorative,healthyinfluenceonmansspiritualwell-being.(4)Hehasfaithintheinnervirtueandinward,spiritualgraceofman.(5)Hewasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.(6)“Simplicitysimplify!”(7)Hewassorelydisgustedwith“theinundationsofthedirtyinstitutionsofmensodd-fellowsociety”.(8)Hehascalmtrustinthefutureandhisardentbeliefinanewgenerationofmen.,.,24,Section3LateRomanticism,NathanielHawthornelife2.works(1)Twocollectionsofshortstories:Twice-toldTales,MossesfromandOldManse(2)TheScarletLetter(3)TheHouseoftheSevenGables(4)TheMarbleFaun,.,25,3.pointofview(1)Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”(2)Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration(causality).(3)Heisoftheopinionthatevileducates.(4)Hehasdisgustinscience.,.,26,4.aestheticideas(1)Hetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.Tohimthesefurnishthesoilonwhichhismindgrowstofruition.(2)HewasconvincedthatromancewasthepredestinedformofAmericannarrative.Totellthetruthandsatirizeandyetnottooffend:ThatwaswhatHawthornehadinmindtoachieve.,.,27,5.styletypicalromanticwriter(1)theuseofsymbols(2)revelationofcharacterspsychology(3)theuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactual(4)hisstoriesareparable(parableinform)toteachalesson(5)useofambiguityterrorrintheworldofuncertaintymultiplepointofview,.,28,HermanMelville,1.life2.works(1)Typee(2)Omio(3)Mardi(4)Redburn(5)WhiteJacket(6)MobyDick(7)Pierre(8)BillyBudd,.,29,3.pointofview(1)Heneverseemsabletosayanaffirmativeyestolife:Hisistheattitudeof“EverlastingNay”(negativeattitudetowardslife).(2)Oneofthemajorthemesofhisisalienation(farawayfromeachother).Otherthemes:loneliness,suicidalindividualism(individualismcausingdisasteranddeath),rejectionandquest,confrontationofinnocenceandevil,doubtsoverthecomforting19cideaofprogress,.,30,4.style(1)LikeHawthorne,Melvillemanagestoachievetheeffectofambiguitythroughemployingthetechniqueofmultipleviewofhisnarratives.(2)Hetendstowriteperiodicchapters.(3)Hisrichrhythmicalproseandhispoeticpowerhavebeenprofuselycommenteduponandpraised.(4)Hisworksaresymbolicandmetaphorical.(5)Heincludesmanynon-narrativechaptersoffactualbackgroundordescriptionofwhatgoesonboardtheshiporontheroute(MobyDick),.,31,RomanticPoets:WaltWhitman,1.life2.work:LeavesofGrass(9editions)(1)SongofMyself(2)ThereWasaChildWentForth(3)CrossingBrooklynFerry(4)DemocraticVistas(5)PassagetoIndia(6)OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking,.,32,3.themes“CatalogueofAmericanandEuropeanthought”HehadbeeninfluencedbymanyAmericanandEuropeanthoughts:enlightenment,idealism,transcendentalism,science,evolutionideas,westernfrontierspirits,Jeffersonsindividualism,CivilWarUnionism,Orientalism.Majorthemesinhispoems(almosteverything):equalityofthingsandbeingsdivinityofeverythingimmanenceofGoddemocracyevolutionofcosmosmultiplicityofnatureself-reliantspiritdeath,beautyofdeathexpansionofAmericabrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(unityofnationsintheworld)pursuitofloveandhappiness,.,33,4.style:“freeverse”(1)nofixedrhymeorscheme(2)parallelism,arhythmofthought(3)phoneticrecurrence(4)thehabitofusingsnapshots(5)theuseofacertainpronoun“I”(6)alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructure(7)useofconventionalimage(8)strongtendencytouseoralEnglish(9)vocabularypowerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrong(10)sentencescataloguetechnique:longlistofnames,longpoemlines,.,34,5.influence(1)HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.(2)HetookoverWhitmansvisionofthepoet-prophetandpoet-teacherandrecastitinamoresophisticatedandEuropeanizedmood.(3)HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.(4)ContemporaryAmericanpoetry,whateverschoolorform,bearswitnesstohisgreatinfluence.,.,35,EmilyDickenson,1.life2.works(1)MyLifeClosedTwicebeforeItsClose(2)BecauseICantStopforDeath(3)IHeardaFlyBuzzWhenIdied(4)MinebytheRightoftheWhiteElection(5)WildNightsWildNights,.,36,3.themes:basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows(1)religiondoubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects(2)deathandimmortality(3)lovesufferingandfrustrationcausedbylove(4)physicalaspectofdesire(5)naturekindandcruel(6)freewillandhumanresponsibility,.,37,4.style(1)poemswithouttitles(2)severeeconomyofexpression(3)directness,brevity(4)musicaldevicetocreatecadence(rhythm)(5)capitallettersemphasis(6)shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas(7)rhetorictechniques:personificationmakesomeofabstractideasvivid,.,38,Comparison:Whitmanvs.Dickinson,Similarities:(1)Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.(2)Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:theywerep