SavCpp8PowerPointsSavitch_ch_11

Chapter11,Friends,OverloadedOperators,andArraysinClasses,Overview,11.1FriendFunctions11.2OverloadingOperators11.3ArraysandClasses11.4ClassesandDynamicArrays,Slide11-3,11.1,FriendFunctions,FriendFunction,ClassoperationsaretypicallyimplementedasmemberfunctionsSomeoperationsarebetterimplementedasordinary(nonmember)functions,Slide11-5,ProgramExample:AnEqualityFunction,TheDayOfYearclassfromChapter10canbeenhancedtoincludeanequalityfunctionAnequalityfunctionteststwoobjectsoftypeDayOfYeartoseeiftheirvaluesrepresentthesamedateTwodatesareequaliftheyrepresentthesamedayandmonth,Slide11-6,DeclarationofTheequalityFunction,WewanttheequalityfunctiontoreturnavalueoftypeboolthatistrueifthedatesarethesameTheequalityfunctionrequiresaparameterforeachofthetwodatestocompareThedeclarationisboolequal(DayOfYeardate1,DayOfYeardate2);NoticethatequalisnotamemberoftheclassDayOfYear,Slide11-7,DefiningFunctionequal,Thefunctionequal,isnotamemberfunctionItmustusepublicaccessorfunctionstoobtainthedayandmonthfromaDayOfYearobjectequalcanbedefinedinthisway:boolequal(DayOfYeardate1,DayOfYeardate2)return(date1.get_month()=date2.get_month(),Slide11-8,UsingTheFunctionequal,Theequalfunctioncanbeusedtocomparedatesinthismannerif(equal(today,bach_birthday)cout,TheinsertionoperatorisabinaryoperatorThefirstoperandistheoutputstreamThesecondoperandisthevaluefollowingcoutHellooutthere.n;,Slide11-49,ReplacingFunctionoutput,OverloadingtheoperatorallowsustouseinsteadofMoneysoutputfunctionGiventhedeclaration:Moneyamount(100);amount.output(cout);canbecomecoutamount;,Slide11-50,WhatDoesReturn?,BecauseisabinaryoperatorcoutIhaveamountinmypurse.;seemsasifitcouldbegroupedas(coutIhave)amount)inmypurse.;Toprovidecoutasanargumentforamount,(coutIhave)mustreturncout,Slide11-51,Display11.7,OverloadedDeclaration,Basedonthepreviousexample,shouldreturnitsfirstargument,theoutputstreamThisleadstoadeclarationoftheoverloadedoperatorfortheMoneyclass:classMoneypublic:friendostream,Slide11-52,Overloaded,OverloadingtheoperatorforinputisverysimilartooverloadingthecouldbedefinedthiswayfortheMoneyclassistream,Slide11-55,Display11.8(1-4),Section11.2Conclusion,CanyouDescribethepurposeofamakingafunctionafriend?Describetheuseofconstantparameters?Identifythereturntypeoftheoverloadedoperators?,Slide11-56,11.3,ArraysandClasses,ArraysandClasses,ArrayscanusestructuresorclassesastheirbasetypesExample:structWindInfodoublevelocity;chardirection;WindInfodata_point10;,Slide11-58,AccessingMembers,WhenanarraysbasetypeisastructureoraclassUsethedotoperatortoaccessthemembersofanindexedvariableExample:for(i=0;idata_pointi.velocity;,Slide11-59,AnArrayofMoney,TheMoneyclassofChapter11canbethebasetypeforanarrayWhenanarrayofclassesisdeclaredThedefaultconstructoriscalledtoinitializetheindexedvariablesAnarrayofclassMoneyisdemonstratedin,Slide11-60,Display11.9(1-3),ArraysasStructureMembers,AstructurecancontainanarrayasamemberExample:structDatadoubletime10;intdistance;Datamy_best;my_bestcontainsanarrayoftypedouble,Slide11-61,AccessingArrayElements,ToaccessthearrayelementswithinastructureUsethedotoperatortoidentifythearraywithinthestructureUsethestoidentifytheindexedvariabledesiredExample:my_best.timeireferencestheithindexedvariableofthevariabletimeinthestructuremy_best,Slide11-62,ArraysasClassMembers,ClassTemperatureListincludesanarrayThearray,namedlist,containstemperaturesMembervariablesizeisthenumberofitemsstoredclassTemperatureListpublic:TemperatureList();/Memberfunctionsprivate:doublelistMAX_LIST_SIZE;intsize;,Slide11-63,OverviewofTemperatureList,TocreateanobjectoftypeTemperatureList:TemperatureListmy_data;Toaddatemperaturetothelist:My_data.add_temperature(77);Acheckismadetoseeifthearrayisfullisoverloadedsooutputofthelistiscoutmy_data;,Slide11-64,Display11.10(1-2),Section11.3Conclusion,CanyouDeclareanarrayasamemberofaclass?Declareanarrayofobjectsofaclass?Writecodetocallamemberfunctionofanelementinanarrayofobjectsofaclass?Writecodetoaccessanelementofanarrayofintegersthatisamemberofaclass?,Slide11-65,11.4,ClassesandDynamicArrays,ClassesandDynamicArrays,AdynamicarraycanhaveaclassasitsbasetypeAclasscanhaveamembervariablethatisadynamicarrayInthissectionyouwillseeaclassusingadynamicarrayasamembervariable.,Slide11-67,ProgramExample:AStringVariableClass,WewilldefinetheclassStringVarStringVarobjectswillbestringvariablesStringVarobjectsusedynamicarrayswhosesizeisdeterminedwhentheprogramisrunningTheStringVarclassissimilartothestringclassdiscussedearlier,Slide11-68,TheStringVarConstructors,ThedefaultStringVarconstructorcreatesanobjectwithamaximumstringlengthof100AnotherStringVarconstructortakesanargumentoftypeintwhichdeterminesthemaximumstringlengthoftheobjectAthirdStringVarconstructortakesaC-stringargumentandsetsmaximumlengthtothelengthoftheC-stringcopiestheC-stringintotheobjectsstringvalue,Slide11-69,TheStringVarInterface,Inadditiontoconstructors,theStringVarinterfaceincludes:Memberfunctionsintlength();voidinput_line(istreamCopyConstructordiscussedlaterDestructordiscussedlater,Slide11-70,AStringVarSampleProgram,UsingtheStringVarinterfaceofDisplay11.11,wecanwriteaprogramusingtheStringVarclassTheprogramusesfunctionconversationtoCreatetwoStringVarobjects,your_nameandour_nameyour_namecancontainanystringmax_name_sizeorshorterinlengthour_nameisinitializedtoBorgandcanhaveanystringof4orlesscharacters,Slide11-71,Display11.11(3),TheStringVarImplementation,StringVarusesadynamicarraytostoreitsstringStringVarconstructorscallnewtocreatethedynamicarrayformembervariablevalue0isusedtoterminatethestringThesizeofthearrayisnotdetermineduntilthearrayisdeclaredConstructorargumentsdeterminethesize,Slide11-72,Display11.12(1),Display11.12(2),DynamicVariables,DynamicvariablesdonotgoawayunlessdeleteiscalledEvenifalocalpointervariablegoesawayattheendofafunction,thedynamicvariableitpointedtoremainsunlessdeleteiscalledAuseroftheSringVarclasscouldnotknowthatadynamicarrayisamemberoftheclass,socouldnotbeexpectedtocalldeletewhenfinishedwithaStringVarobject,Slide11-73,Destructors,AdestructorisamemberfunctionthatiscalledautomaticallywhenanobjectoftheclassgoesoutofscopeThedestructorcontainscodetodeletealldynamicvariablescreatedbytheobjectAclasshasonlyonedestructorwithnoargumentsThenameofthedestructorisdistinguishedfromthedefaultconstructorbythetildesymbolExample:StringVar();,Slide11-74,StringVar,ThedestructorintheStringVarclassmustcalldeletetoreturnthememoryofanydynamicvariablestothefreestoreExample:StringVar:StringVar()deletevalue;,Slide11-75,PointersasCall-by-ValueParameters,Usingpointersascall-by-valueparametersyieldsresultsyoumightnotexpectRememberthatparametersarelocalvariablesNochangetotheparametershouldcauseachangetotheargumentThevalueoftheparameterissettothevalueoftheargument(anaddressisstoredinapointervariable)TheargumentandtheparameterholdthesameaddressIftheparameterisusedtochangethevaluepointedto,thisisthesamevaluepointedtobytheargument!,Slide11-76,Display11.13,Display11.14,CopyConstructors,Theproblemwithusingcall-by-valueparameterswithpointervariablesissolvedbythecopyconstructor.AcopyconstructorisaconstructorwithoneparameterofthesametypeastheclassTheparameterisacall-by-referenceparameterTheparameterisusuallyaconstantparameterTheconstructorcreatesacomplete,independentcopyofitsargument,Slide11-77,StringVarCopyConstructor,ThiscodefortheStringVarcopyconstructorCreatesanewdynamicarrayforacopyoftheargumentMakinganewcopy,protectstheoriginalfromchangesStringVar:StringVar(constStringVar,Slide11-78,CallingaCopyConstructor,AcopyconstructorcanbecalledasanyotherconstructorwhendeclaringanobjectThecopyconstructoriscalledautomaticallyWhenaclassobjectisdefinedandinitializedbyanobjectofthesameclassWhenafunctionreturnsavalueoftheclasstypeWhenanargumentoftheclasstypeispluggedinforacall-by-valueparameter,Slide11-79,TheNeedForaCopyConstructor,Thiscode(assumingnocopyconstructor)illustratestheneedforacopyconstructorvoidshow_string(StringVarthe_string)StringVargreeting(Hello);show_string(greeting);coutgreetingendl;Whenfunctionshow_stringiscalled,greetingiscopiedintothe_stringthe_string.valueissetequaltogreeting.value,Slide11-80,TheNeedForaCopyConstructor(cont.),Sincegreeting.valueandthe_string.valuearepointers,theynowpointtothesamedynamicarray,Slide11-81,greeting.value,the_string.value,Hello,TheNeedForaCopyConstructor(cont.),Whenshow_stringends,thedestructorforthe_stringexecutes,returningthedynamicarraypointedtobythe_string.valuetothefreestoregreeting.valuenowpointstomemorythathasbeengivenbacktothefreestore!,Slide11-82,TheNeedForaCopyConstructor(cont.),TwoproblemsnowexistforobjectgreetingAttemptingtooutputgreeting.valueislikelytoproduceanerrorInsomeinstancesallcouldgoOKWhengreetinggoesoutofscope,itsdestructorwillbecalledCallingadestructorforthesamelocationtwiceislikelytoproduceasystemcrashingerror,Slide11-83,CopyConstructorDemonstration,Usingthesameexample,butwithacopyconstructordefinedgreeting.valueandthe_string.valuepointtodifferentlocationsinmemory,Slide11-84,CopyConstructorDemonstration(cont.),Whenthe_stringgoesoutofscope,thedestructoriscalled,returningthe_string.valuetothefreestoregreeting.valuestillexistsandcanbeaccessedordeletedwithoutproblems,Slide11-85,WhenToIncludeaCopyConstructor,Whenaclassdefinitioninvolvespointersanddynamicallyallocatedmemoryusingnew,includeacopyconstructorClassesthatdonotinvolvepointersanddynamicallyallocatedmemorydonotneedcopyconstructors,Slide11-86,TheBigThree,ThebigthreeincludeThecopyconstructorTheassignmentoperatorThedestructorIfyouneedtodefineone,youneedtodefineall,Slide11-87,TheAssignmentOperator,Giventhesedeclarations:StringVarstring(10),string2(20);thestatementstring1=string2;islegalBut,sinceStringVarsmembervalueisapointer,wehavestring1.valueandstring2.valuepointingtothesamememorylocation,Slide11-88,Overloading=,Thesolutionistooverloadtheassignmentoperator=soitworksforStringVaroperator=isoverloadedasamemberfunctionExample:operator=declarationvoidoperator=(constStringVarRight_sideistheargumentfromtherightsideofthe=operator,Slide11-89,Definitionof=,Thedefinitionof=forStringVarcouldbe:voidStringVar:operator=(constStringVar,Slide11-90,=Details,Thisversionof=forStringVarComparesthelengthsofthetwoStringVarsUsesonlyasmanycharactersasfitinthelefthandStringVarobjectMakesanindependentcopyoftherighthandobjectinthelefthandobject,Slide11-91,Problemswith=,Thedefinitionofoperator=hasaproblemUsuallywewantacopyoftherighthandargumentregardlessofitssizeTodothis,weneedtodeletethedynamicarrayinthelefthandargumentandallocateanewarraylargeenoughfortherighthandsidesdynamicarrayThenextslideshowsthis(buggy)attemptatoverloadingtheassignmentoperator,Slide11-92,AnotherAttemptat=,voidStringVar:operator=(constStringVar,Slide11-93,ANewProblemWith=,Thenewdefinitionofoperator=hasaproblemWhathappensifwehappentohavethesameobjectoneachsideoftheassignmentoperator?my_string=my_string;Thisversionofoperator=firstdeletesthedynamicarrayinthelefthandargument.Sincetheobjectsarethesameobject,thereisnolongeranarraytocopyfromtherighthandside!,Slide11-94,ABetter=Operator,voidStringVar:operator=(constStringVar,Slide11-95,Section11.4Conclusion,CanyouExplainwhyanoverloadedassignmentoperatorisnotneededwhentheonlydataconsistofbuilt-intypes?Explainwhatades