Halloween万圣节

万圣节,October31stisHalloween,Halloweenisoneoftheworldsoldestholidays,celebratedinseveralcountriesaroundtheglobeincludingtheUSA,Canada,England,Ireland,Scotland,Mexico,LatinAmerica,andSpain.,万圣节是世界上最老的节日之一，在10月31日这天，有许多国家，如：美国,加拿大,英格兰,爱尔兰,苏格兰,墨西哥,拉丁美洲,西班牙等，都会庆祝万圣节的来临。,HalloweensoriginsdatebacktotheancientCelticfestivalofSamhain(pronouncedsow-in).TheCelticpeopleslivedover2,000yearsagoIntheareathatisnowIreland,theUnitedKingdom,andNorthernFrance.,在2000多年前的爱尔兰地区及法国北部，住着一群凯尔特人，而万圣节就是起源于古塞尔特人的一个叫做Samhain的节庆。,FortheCelticpeoples,theNewYearwascelebratedonNovember1stofeveryyear.ThisdatemarkedtheendofSummerandthebeginningofWinter.,FortheCelticpeoples,theNewYearwascelebratedonNovember1stofeveryyear.ThisdatemarkedtheendofSummerandthebeginningofWinter.Thistimeofyearwasoftenassociatedwithhumandeath.,凯尔特人选在每年11月1日庆祝新年，正值夏天结束，冬天刚开始的时节多半让人联想到黑暗的死亡。,TheCeltsbelievedthatonthenightbeforethenewyear,theboundarybetweentheworldsofthelivingandthedeadbecameblurredasthedeadsearchedfortheafterlife.Thus,onthenightofOctober31st,theycelebratedSamhain,whenitwasbelievedthattheghostsofthedeadreturnedtoEarthtocausemischiefandtrouble.,凯尔特人相信在新年的前一晚，阴间和阳间的大门不再门禁森严，此时阴间的鬼魂会趁机跑出来，为阳间的人们带来厄运。所以，在十月三十一日晚上，凯尔特人会庆祝Samhain这个节日，以趋魔避邪。,Tocommemoratetheevent,peoplebuilthugesacredbonfireswhereanimalsandcropsweresacrificedtotheGodsforprotection,andtohelpscareghostsaway.TheCeltsalsoworecostumestodisguisethemselves,inanattempttoconfusethespiritsroamingtheEarth.,凯尔特人借着神圣的营火，燃烧献祭的动物和尸体，以赶走可怕的鬼魂并祈求神的保护。同时，凯尔特人也会假扮成鬼的样子，企图混淆跑到阳间的鬼魂。,TheImpactofChristianity,BytheA.D.800s,theinfluenceofChristianityhadspreadintoCelticlands.PopeBonifaceIVdesignatedNovember1stAllSaintsDay,atimetohonorSaintsandMartyrs.ItwasknownasAllHallowmas.Thus,October31stbecameknownasAllHallowsEve,andeventuallywasshortenedtothecurrentdaytitle,Halloween.西元八百年時，基督教傳入塞爾特人居住的區域。當時的教宗明訂十一月一日為萬聖節AllSaintsDay，又稱AllHallowmas，來紀念所有的聖人和騎士。因此，十月三十一日就成了萬聖節前夕，英文稱之AllHallowsEve，而後來人們便簡稱十月三十一日為Halloween。,Evenlater,inA.D.1000,theChristianchurchmadeNovember2ndAllSoulsDay,adaytohonorthedead.Itwascelebratedwithbigbonfires,parades,anddressingupincostumesassaints,angels,anddevils.Together,thethreecelebrations,AllHallowsEve,AllSaintsDayandAllSoulsDay,werecalledHallowmas.公元一千年左右，基督教订定十一月二日为AllSoulsDay(万灵节)来纪念所有的死去的灵魂。借着大型营火，游行和变装打扮成圣人，天使或恶灵的方式来庆祝。综合这三个节日AllHallowsEve(万圣节前夕)，AllSaintsDay(万圣节)和AllSoulsDay(万灵节)，就叫做Hallowmas.,BecominganAmericanTradition,HalloweenarrivedinNorthAmericacourtesyofIrishandScottishemigrantswhobroughtstoriesofSamhainandHallowmas,aswellastalesofghostsandspiritswiththeminthe1840s,duringtheIrishPotatoFamine.TheholidayflourishedintowhatisnowmoderndayHalloween.1840年代，爱尔兰区发生了饥荒，一些爱尔兰及苏格兰人移民到北美洲，也把这些习俗和鬼故事带到了北美洲，渐渐地，北美洲人也开始庆祝Halloween(万圣节)。,TraditionsofHalloween,许多关于Halloween(万圣节)习俗，包括变装打扮，不捣蛋就给糖的游戏，咬苹果的游戏，刻番瓜灯笼，和点燃大营火等习俗，都可以追溯到凯尔特人Samhain节，或是Hallowmas这些节日。,ManyofthetraditionsassociatedwithHalloweencanbetracedbacktotheancientfestivalsofSamhainandHallowmas.Traditionsincludecostuming,trick-or-treating,bobbingforapples,pumpkincarving,andthelightingofbonfires.,Costuming,CostumeswerewornbytheCeltsforSamhainandtheChristiansforAllHallowsEveasadisguisetoconfuseand/orscareawaythespirits/ghoststheybelievedwerefreelyroamingtheEarthfrompossessingtheirsouls.Today,althoughwenolongerbelievethatspiritsareflyingfreely,modernizedcostumesarewornatHalloweenbychildrengoingtrick-or-treatingandbyadultsseekingfunandamusement.过去，变装打扮是为了让鬼魂们搞不清楚，免得惹祸上身。现在，虽然人们不再相信鬼魂们会在阳间跑来跑去，但是小孩子还是会装扮自己到处玩不给糖就捣蛋的游戏而大人则是觉得装扮自己有趣又好玩。,Trick-or-treating,ThemoderndaycustomofTrick-or-Treatingoriginatedfromtheveryoldcustomof“Going-a-souling”orbeggingforsoulcakes.Soulcakeswerebakedgoodsofferedtosoulsofthedeparted.TheChristianChurchencouragedthepracticeoftheneedygoingfromhometohomegatheringfood(Going-a-souling)atHarvesttime.Prayersfortherecentlydeceasedfromtheneedywereexchangedwiththegivingfamily.,不给糖就捣蛋的游戏起源于要灵魂饼干的习俗，所谓的灵魂饼干就是将烤好的饼干祭祀过世的人。后来，基督教会鼓励贫穷的人在收获的季节里挨家挨户地乞求食物，若是得到食物，这些穷人就会帮这家庭中过世的人祈祷以谢谢他们。,而穷人们对那些吝啬不给食物的人通常会以恶作剧来惩罚他们，或是诅咒他们下一年都会厄运缠身。大部分人都认为不给糖就捣蛋是起源于恶作剧之夜和要灵魂饼干(going-a-souling)的习俗。,ThosenotofferinggoodswereusuallypunishedwithatrickonHalloweennightorhexedwithmisfortuneforthenextyear.Theterm“trick-or-treat”isthoughttohavefirstoriginatedinBritainwhereHalloweenwasknownas“MischiefNight”andthepracticeof“going-a-souling”wascommon.,PumpkinCarving,Carvedpumpkinsaretraditionallyknownas“Jack-o-lanterns.”Traditionally,thejack-o-lanternwascarvedfromaturnip,potato,orbeetandlitwithaburningcandle.Theselanternsrepresentedthesoulsofdepartedlovedonesandwereplacedinwindowsorsetonporchestowelcomethedeceased.TheyalsoservedasprotectionfromevilspiritsfreedfromthedeadonHalloweennight.InNorthAmerica,turnips,potatoes,andbeetswerenotasreadilyavailable,sothepumpkinwasusedandfoundtobeasuitablereplacement.,众人皆知的杰克番瓜灯是刻在番瓜上，但人们一开始是在萝卜，马铃薯或甜菜上刻灯笼，然后挖空并点燃蜡烛在里面，形成灯笼。这些灯笼代表着过世的亲友，并被放置在窗边或门廊上，以欢迎他们回来。他们也被视为可趋魔避邪的象征。在北美洲，萝卜，马铃薯和甜菜很罕见，因此常见的番瓜就成了非常适合的代替品。,Jack-o-lanterns,PeoplehavebeenmakingJack-o-lanternsatHalloweenforcenturies.ThepracticeoriginatedfromanIrishmythaboutamanknownas“StingyJack.”StingyJackonedayinvitedtheDeviltohaveadrinkwithhim.Notwantingtopayforthedrink,hetrickedtheDevilintoturninghimselfintoacoin,andthenputtheDevilintohispocketnexttoacrossthatpreventedtheDevilfromchangingbackintohisoriginalform.JackfreedtheDevilaftertheDevilpromisednottobotherJackor,shouldhedie,claimhissoul.万圣节刻杰克南瓜灯的习俗已经有几世纪的历史了。为什么要取名为杰克呢？在爱尔兰人的传说中有个有名的小气杰克。有一天小气杰克请魔鬼喝酒，喝完后，小气杰克却小气地不想付钱，所以他就骗魔鬼，要魔鬼把自己变成一枚硬币，魔鬼变成硬币后，小气杰克迅速地把硬币放在口袋里，和十字架放在一起，以防魔鬼变回原形。之后，魔鬼对小气杰克发誓，他绝对不会对小气杰克报仇，也保证杰克死了也不会让他下地狱。这时，小气杰克才让魔鬼变回原形。,Eventually,whenJackdiddie,GodwouldnottakehimintoHeaven,andtheDevil,whohadpromisednottoclaimJackssoul,couldnottakehimintoHell.Thus,theDevilsentJacksspiritintothenightwithonlyaburningcandletolighthisway.JackputthecandleintoacarvedoutturnipandhasbeenroamingtheEartheversince.TheIrishbegantorefertothisghostlyfigureas“JackoftheLantern,”andthensimplyas“Jack-o-lantern.”,到小器杰克死掉后，上帝不允许他进入天堂，而魔鬼曾答应过他不会让他下地狱，所以杰克死后哪都去不了。因此，魔鬼就让他的灵魂漂泊在黑夜里，只留给他一根燃烧的蜡烛来指引他从此以后，杰克就把蜡烛放在挖空刻好的萝卜里，并且一直留在人间吓人。爱尔兰人一开始称之为杰克的南瓜灯笼(JackoftheLantern)，后来简称为杰克南瓜灯(Jack-o-lantern)。,SymbolsofHalloween,ModerndayHalloweencelebrationsusemanysymbolstohelpmaketheholidaymorefestiveSomeoftheseinclude现代人用许多东西来庆祝万圣节，让这个节日变得更有趣。你知道是哪些东西吗？,Becausebatsonlyflyatnightandliveintombs,caves,andabandonedchurchesandbuildings,theyarebelievedtobeomensofevil.Theyarecommonlyassociatedwithwitchesandvampires.Itissuperstitionthatwitchesandvampirescantaketheformofabat.Sincethevampirebatistheonlymammalthatfeedsonblood,theyareoftenlinkedtodeathandoccultrituals.,BATS,蝙蝠是其中一项，因为蝙蝠只住在坟墓，洞穴和废弃的教堂或建筑物中，又因为蝙蝠常令人联想到女巫或吸血鬼，因此他们被视为邪恶的象征。在传说中，女巫和吸血鬼可以化身成蝙蝠，又因为吸血蝙蝠是唯一一种饮血维生的哺乳类动物，因此蝙蝠常让人联想到死亡或邪恶的仪式。,WITCHES,Witcheswerethoughttobetellersoffortuneandtocastspells,bothgoodandbad.ThisfrightenedmanybecauseitwasbelievedthatthesepowerswerestrongestonHalloweennight.Theimageofawitchhasgreatlychangedoverthecenturies.Oncethoughtofasold,wrinkled,greenskinnedhags,manypeopleassociatewitchcrafttoeitherevilorasbeingwise.,女巫因为会算命又会下好咒语和坏咒语，人们相信女巫们的能力在10月31日这天会最强，所以让很多人很害怕她们。几世纪以来，女巫的形象改变许多，以前人们认为，女巫都是绿皮肤，长的很老，脸上布满皱纹。现在则很多人认为女巫的能力可以是邪恶或具有智慧的。,Broomsticks,Witchesandbroomsticksgohandinhand.Theyhavebeenassociatedforcenturies.Often,witchesaredepictedridingthemacrossthenightskywithablackcatononeend.ItisbelievedthatbecauseHalloweenoccurredduringtherainyseason,womenusedtheirbroomstickstovaultoverlargepuddlesandtosweepwateroutoftheirpathswhilewalking.Thus,thetwobecameassociated.,女巫和扫把形影不离已有几世纪之久，通常女巫会骑着扫把在夜晚飞行，而她们的同伴黑猫会坐在扫把的另一端陪着她们飞行会什么女巫会和扫把形影不离呢？因为在万圣节那天，通常会下着雨，而女巫们需要用扫把扫掉地上的大水坑，或地上的积水以便行走。,OWLS,SuperstitionssuggestthatowlsatethesoulsofthedyingbyswoopingtoEarth.Owlsscreechesandtheirglassystareareanomenofdeathanddisaster.Theowlisrarelyseenduringthedayandisassociatedwithnightbehaviors.传说中，猫头鹰会从天空俯冲下来吃掉人的灵魂。猫头鹰的叫声和眼神让人联想到死亡和灾难。再者，猫头鹰很少在白天出现，也都让人不得不认为他们是属于黑暗和恐怖。,BLACKCATS,Cats,forcenturies,havebeenconsideredtobespiritualanimalsthathavetheabilitytosensegoodandbadspirits.Weste