The_Silk_Road_(丝绸之路)（课堂PPT）

TheSilkTrade,1,2,OriginatingfromChangan(thepresent-dayXian),theroutetraversedShanxiProvince,thehexicorridorinGansuprovince,theTarimBasininXingjing,thePamirmountainregion,Afghanistan,Iran,IraqandSyria,endingattheeastern,3,THESILKROAD,TheancientSilkRoadinnorthwestChinahasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyears.Originally,theChinesetradedsilkinternallywithintheempire.Caravansfromtheempiresinteriorwouldcarrysilktothewesternedgesoftheregion.TheywereoftenattackedbythesmallCentralAsiantribeswhowantedtocapturethetradersvaluablecommodities.,4,THESILKROAD,Inordertoprotectthesecaravansandassurethesafetyofthetrade,theHanGovernmentdispatchedGeneralZhangQianasanenvoytobuildgoodrelationshipswiththesetribes.,5,(164BC114BC),Anexplorer,traveleranddiplomatinHandynasty.,6,THESILKROAD,StartingfromChangan,todaysXian,whichwasthecapitaloftheWesternHanDynasty,ZhangledhisteamacrossthevastWesternRegionsandreachedLoulan,GuiziandYutianstatesandestablishedtraderelationswiththesesmallkingdoms.,7,THESILKROAD,Loulan,GuiziandYutianwerethreeimportantstatesintheWesternRegionatthattime.Theywereallabandonedforuncertainreasonsandtravelerstodaycanseeruinsofthesethreeonceflourishingplaces.,8,THESILKROAD,ZhangsofficerswentevenfurtherintothecentralAsia.AllofthekingdomsthatZhangandhisteamhadvisitedsenttheirenvoystovisitChangan(todaysXian)toexpresstheirappreciationforthenewrelationshipandshowtheirrespecttotheHanGovernment.,9,THESILKROAD,Fromthenon,merchantscouldtravelonthesilkroutesafely,andtheybegantoexplorethisnewrouteinordertocarrysilkfromChinatootherpartsoftheworld.,10,THESILKROAD,ThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.,11,THESILKROAD,ThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.,XuanzangbeganhistripfromChangan(todaysXian)andpassedthroughtheGanSuCorridor,HaMi,TurPanandcontinuedhisjourneywestwardtoIndia.Xuanzangwassurprisedbythewarmreceptionhereceivedalonghisway.,12,THESILKROAD,Itwascommonlybelievedthatpeopleinthosestateswerebrutal,wildanduncontrollable.XuangzangstripchangedtheattitudetowardthenomadictribesintheWesternRegionandthiscontributedgreatlytotheTanggovernmentsfriendlyrelationshipwiththesestates.By760AD,theTangGovernmenthadlostcontroloftheWesternRegionandtradeontheSilkRoadwashalted.,13,THESILKROAD,ItrevivedtremendouslyundertheYuanDynastyduringtheeleventhandtwelfthcenturieswhenChinabecamelargelydependentonitssilktrade.GenghisKhanconqueredallthesmallstates,unifiedChinaandbuiltalargeempireunderhisrule.,14,THESILKROAD,TradealongtheSilkRoadreacheditszenithduringthisperiod.ThefamoustravelerMarcoPolotraveledalongtheSilkRoadvisitingDaDuthatistodaysBeijingandwrotehisfamousbookabouttheorient.,15,THESILKROAD,Asoverlandtradebecameincreasinglydangerous,andtravelbyseabecamemorepopular,tradealongtheSilkRoaddeclined.WhiletheChinesedidmaintainasilk-furtradewiththeRussiansnorthoftheoriginalSilkRoute,bytheendofthefourteenthcentury,tradeandtravelalongtheroadhaddecreasedsignificantly.,16,THESILKROAD,TheSilkRoadwasdefinitelyanimportantpathforcultural,commercialandtechnologicalexchangebetweentraders,merchants,pilgrim,missionariesevensoldiers.Duringmorethan2000years,theroadimprovedthetransferfromnomadstourbandwellersacrosstheAsiancontinenteventhecountriesborderinguponMediterranean.,17,THESILKROAD,TheemergenceoftheSilkRoadvigorouslypromotedtheEast-Westeconomic,culturalexchanges,andcontributedtotheriseoftheHanDynasty.Furthermore,thatrouteisakeypathwayofIntercoursebetweenEastandWest,either.,18,Astheroadtothewestwaspopularlyknownforitstradeofsilk,whichwaspricedasvaluableasgold,thatcommercialroutecametobeknownastheSilkRoad.,19,.RoutesoftheSilkRoad,Generallyspeaking,thereweretwomajorroutes:onewasoverland,theotherwasacrosstheIndianOcean.,20,Thesearouteof“SilkRoad”normallystartsfromGuangxiorelseporttownsonthesoutheasterncoastofChina.AfleetextendsitsvoyagethroughtheseaofJapan,theYellowSea,SouthChinaSea,theBayofBengal（孟加拉湾）,aroundtheMalayPeninsula,offthecoastofBurma,andcametoSoutheastAsiaandtheIndiaPeninsula.Then,itcontinuesalongarouteacrosstheIndianOcean,theArabSea,thePersianGulf(波斯湾),theRedseaandfinallyarrivesatdestinationportsofAfricaorEurope.,21,GuangxitheseaofJapantheBayofBengaltheIndiaPeninsulathePersianGulf,22,Withthedevelopmentofseamanshipandnavigation,particularlyafterZhenghesuccessfullysailedtotheWest,asearoutetotheWesttooktheplaceofthesilkroadoverland.,23,Thesilkroad,whichismentionedtoday,refersexclusivelytotheoverlandroute.Thereasonissimple:searoutemainlyexportedporcelain(瓷器),thensilk,gunpowder,tea,importedspecies,pepper,cottonandothercommodities.,24,TheSilkRoadhadservedfortensofhundredsofyearsasthemainrouteofbusinessoverthecontinentsofAsia,EuropeandAfrica,anarteryofCommodityFlowandculturalexchangethatgaveimmenseimpetustotheriseofmajoreconomiesandcivilizationoftheworld.ItlinkedsuchancientcivilizationsasChina,India,Greece,Egypt,andBabylonia.Inasense,theSilkRoadwasnootherthanarouteofcultureandcivilization.,.ThemeaningoftheSilkRoad,25,Silkgarmentsisregardedascharacteristicofthearistocratic（贵族的、高贵的）andthegenteel（