Lecture9 时间与空间观（课堂PPT）

Lecture9,TimeandSpace,1,Cross-culturalquestions:,Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutyourowncultureandthendiscussinterculturalsimilaritiesanddifferences.1.Isthewesternconceptoftimedifferentfromthatinourcountry?MightabusinesspersonfromtheUSencounteranydifferences?(considerpromptness,schedules,signingofcontracts,etc.)2.Arethereobjects,procedures,orcustomswhicharesymbolicofourculturesuseoftime?Explain,2,Cross-culturalquestions,3.Howdoestechnologyinfluencetheuseoftime?Howdoesitaffectpersonal,social,andprofessionallives?4.Howissenseofprivacyobtainedinourculture?Whatdoyoudowhenyouwanttobealone(athome,atwork,orelsewhere)?5.Hasthedesignofyourcitybeeninfluencedbynon-nativestylesofarchitecture?Ifso,how?6.Whattypesofarchitecturearebestsuitedtotheenvironmentandgeographyofourcountry?,3,Time,Whentravelerslackanawarenessofhowtimeisregulatedinaforeigncountry,theycanexpecttofeelsomewhatdisoriented.Sincemostpeopletaketimeforgranted,theeffectsofvalues,customs,andsocialetiquetteontheuseoftimeareseldomexamined.,4,Time,Aculturethatvaluesachievementandprogresswilldiscouragepeoplefrom“wasting”time.Highlyefficientbusinesspeoplefromtheseculturesmayfeelfrustratedinacountrywhereworkproceedsataslowpace.Inreligioussocieties,customsspecifytimesoftheday,week,oryearforprayerandreligiouscelebrations.,5,Time,Ifanindividualtriestomakeanappointmentduringasacredholiday,heorshecouldunknowinglyoffendareligiousperson.Socialetiquettedeterminesappropriatetimesforvisits,meetings,andevenphonecalls.Arrivingtwohourslateforanappointmentmaybeacceptableinoneculture,whereasinanother,keepingsomeonewaitingfifteenminutesmaybeconsideredrude.,6,Promptness,Promptnessisimportantinwesternbusiness,academic,andsocialsettings.Theimportanceofpunctualityistaughttoyoungchildreninschool.Tardyslipsandtheuseofbellssignaltothechildthatpunctualityandtimeitselfaretoberespected.,7,Promptness,Peoplewhokeepappointmentsareconsidereddependable.Ifpeoplearelatetojobinterviews,appointments,orclasses,theyareoftenviewedasunreliableandirresponsible.Inthebusinessworld,“timeismoney”andcompaniesmayfinetheirexecutivesfortardinesstobusinessmeetings.,8,Promptness,Ofcourse,itisnotalwayspossibletobepunctual.Socialandbusinessetiquettealsoprovidesrulesforlatearrivals.Callingonthetelephoneifoneisgoingtobemorethanafewminuteslateforscheduledappointmentisconsideredpoliteandisoftenexpected.Keepingadateorafriendwaitingbeyondtentotwentyminutesisconsideredrude.Ontheotherhand,arrivingthirtyminuteslatetosomepartiesisacceptable.,9,Promptness,Respectingdeadlinesisalsoimportantinacademicandprofessionalcircles.Itisexpectedthatdeadlinesforclassassignmentsorbusinessreportswillbemet.Studentswhohandinassignmentslatemaybesurprisedtofindthattheprofessorwilllowertheirgradesorevenrefusetogradetheirwork.Whetheritisaquestionofarrivingontimeorofmeetingadeadline,peopleareculturallyconditionedtoregulatetime.,10,DivisionofTime,Timeistangible(real,concrete).Onecan“gaintime,”“spendtime,”“wastetime,”savetime,”oreven“killtime”.CommonquestionsinAmericanEnglishrevealthisconcretequalityasthoughtimewereapossession.“Doyouhaveanytime?”Thetreatmentoftimeasapossessioninfluencesthewaytimeiscarefullydivided.,11,DivisionofTime,Generally,Americansaretaughttodoonethingatatimeandmaybeuncomfortablewhenanactivityisinterrupted.Inbusinessesthecarefulschedulingoftimeandtheseparationofactivitiesarecommonpractices.Appointmentcalendarsareprintedwith15-,30-,and60-minutetimeslots.A2:30-3:00interviewmayendintimeforabriefbreakbeforea3:15-4:00meeting.,12,DivisionofTime,Theideathat“thereisatimeandplaceforeverything”extendstowesternsociallife.Visitorswho“dropby”withoutpriornoticemayinterrupttheirhostspersonaltime.Thus,callingfriendsonthetelephonebeforevisitingthemisgenerallypreferredtovisitors“droppingby”.Toaccommodateotherpeoplesschedules,Americansmakebusinessplansandsocialengagementsseveraldaysorweeksinadvance.,13,DivisionofTime,Asindividualsinaculture,weallhaveanintuitiveunderstandingabouthowtimeisregulated.Usuallywedonotthinkabouttheconceptoftimeuntilweinteractwithotherswhohaveadifferenttimeorientation.,14,DivisionofTime,Althoughindividualsfromanytwoculturesmayviewtimesimilarly,weoftensensethatinanotherculture,lifeseemstoproceedateitheraslowerorfasterpace.Knowinghowtimeisregulated,divided,andperceivedcanprovedvaluableinsightsintoindividualsandtheircultures.,15,Linesandcircles,Westernculturetimeaslines,whichgoesawayandneverreturnsChineseculture-timeascircles,whichgoesaroundandneverends,16,西方文化的线式时间观,Weburndaylight.-ShakespeareNohandcanmaketheclockstrikeformethehoursthatarepassed.-ByronAllthetreasuresofearthcannotbringbackonelastmoment.-French,17,线式时间观,DavidNorrisHowyouspendyourtimeismoreimportantthanhowyouspendyourmoney.Moneymistakescanbecorrected,buttimeisgoneforever.HoraceMannLost,yesterday,somewherebetweensunriseandsunset,twogoldenhours,eachsetwithsixtydiamondminutes.Norewardisoffered,fortheyaregoneforever.JimBishopItisdifficulttoliveinthepresent,ridiculoustoliveinthefuture,andimpossibletoliveinthepast.Nothingisasfarawayasoneminuteago.,18,线式时间观,时间好比一条直线，使一种线形的单向持续运动。线式的时间观是西方人总觉得时间一去不复返，因而有着强烈的紧缺意识。这种意识使西方人凡是向前看，一切着眼于未来，他们的注意力也主要用于未来事情的规划与实现。,19,中国文化的环式时间观,“日月光华，旦复旦兮，春与秋其代序”（屈原离骚），代序即时序环转替换。中国人虽然也叹息“岁月不待人”，但昼夜更迭，季节交替的环式时间观是中国人总体上有时间充裕感，做事慢慢来是一种主要倾向。人们相信是失去的东西还有时间补救。,20,中国文化的环式时间观,人们对“时过境迁”有所心理准备，并慢慢等待“时来运转”。告别语和劝慰语种几乎都是“慢”字当头。“慢慢走，慢用，慢慢商量，慢慢看，慢慢欣赏”等。从容悠闲构成了中国农耕文化的一大特点。人们修身养性，重在回往日的言行。“吾日三省五身”（论语学而），意在反省自己过去是否有“不忠、不信、不习”的过失。,21,中西文化时间观,如果说线式时间观向前看，重求知，有利于鼓励开拓创新，环式时间观则向后看，重修身，有利于促进稳定守序。,22,Space,ArchitecturalDifferenceWhenwetravelabroadweareimmediatelyimpressedbythemanywaysbuildings,homes,andcitiesaredesigned.Thedivisionandorganizationofspacelendcharacteranduniquenesstovillages,townsandcities.Yet,architecturaldifferencesmayalsocauseconfusionordiscomfortforthetraveler.,23,ArchitecturalDifference,Theseparationofspaceinsidehomesmayalsovaryfromculturetoculture.Inmostwesternhomesthelayoutofroomsrevealstheseparatenessandlabelingaspaceaccordingtofunctionbedroom,livingroom,diningroom,playroom,andsoon.Thissystemisinsharpcontrasttoothercultureswhereoneroominahousemayserveseveralfunctions.InJapan,homeswithslidingwallscanchangealargeroomintotwosmallroomssothatalivingroomcanalsoserveasabedroom,24,PrivacyandtheUseofSpace,Architecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces.Theconceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebutwhatitmeansisculturallydetermined.PeopleintheEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyseparatingthemselvesfromothers.,25,PrivacyandtheUseofSpace,Theexpression“goodfencesmakegoodneighbors”indicatesapreferenceforprivacyfromneighborshomes.Ifafamilycanaffordit,eachchildhashisorherownbedroom.Insomecultureswhenindividualsdesireprivacy,itisacceptableforthemsimplytowithdrawintothemselves.Thatis,theydonotneedtoremovethemselvesphysicallyfromagroupinordertoachieveprivacy.,26,PrivacyandtheUseofSpace,Youngchildrenlearntherule“knockbeforeyouenter”whichteachesthentorespectothersprivacy.Parents,too,oftenfollowthisrulepriortoenteringtheirchildrensrooms.Whenabedroomdooriscloseditmaybeasigntootherssaying,“Ineedprivacy,”Imangry,”or“DonotdisturbImbusy.”ForAmericans,thephysicaldivisionofspaceandtheuseofarchitecturalfeaturespermitasenseofprivacy.,27,CulturalNotes,Time1.Fordoctorsanddentistsappointmentsitisimportanttocall24to48hoursbeforeascheduledappointmentifyouhavetocancel.Insomecases,youwillbechargedifyoudonotappearforanappointment.,28,Time,2.Whenyouhaveahotelreservation,itisagoodideatoask,“BywhattimedoIhavetoarrive?”Ifyouarrivelaterthanthespecifiedtime,thehotelpersonnelmaycancelyourreservationunlessyoucallaheadoftimetotellthemthatyoullbelate.Ifyouhavetocancelyourreservation,callinadvancetonotifythehotel.,29,Time,3.“Time-saving”devicesandmethodsareverypopularintheEnglish-speakingcountries.Theyincludepush-buttonTVs,instantcoffee,TVdinners,microwaveovens,drive-inbanking,andfast-foodrestaurants.,30,Space,1.Atveryformaldinnerpartiesyoumayfindaplacecardwithyournameonitnexttotheplatewhereyouaresupposedtosit.Otherwisethehost/hostessmaytellyouwheretosit.Theremaybenofixedplacesatadinnertable.Inthiscase,eachpersonsitswhereverheorshewouldlike.Oftenthemotherorthefathersitsattheheadofthetable.,31,Space,2.Oftenwhenyouareinvitedintoawesternershomethehostorhostesswillgiveyoua“tour”ofthehouse.Onereasonforthisistomakeyoufeelmorecomfortablesothatyouwillfell“athome”.Also,Americansenjoyshowingofftheimprovementstheyvemadeintheirhomes.,32,Space,3.Thewayspaceisusedinfluencespeoplesattitudesandrelationships.Forexample,howpeopleareseatedaroundatableaffectsconversation.Whositsnexttowhomandwholooksatwhominfluencethesocialinteraction.Evenhistoricalandpoliticaleventsmaybeaffectedbytheuseofspace.,33,Space,In1968,duringtheVietnamWar,internationalpeacetalkswereheldinParis,France.Aseriousproblemfacingtheplannersofthesemeetingswastheseatingarrangementoftherepresentatives.Eachgovernmentsstatusandneedshadtobeconsidered.Ittookeightmonthstoreachanagreementontheshapeofthetable.Inthemeantime,thewarcontinued.,34,MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire,Thefollowingquestionsareintendedtostimulatecross-culturaldiscussionandtohelpyoubecomefamiliarwithwesterncustomsandresponses.Onthemultiplechoicequestionstrytoguesswhatawesternerwoulddo.Morethanoneanswermaybecorrect.,35,MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire,1.Ifyouwereinvitedtoanotherfamilyshousefordinnerhowmuchlaterafterthescheduledtimewouldyouarrive?Inourcountry_.intheEnglish-speakingcountries:A.15minuteslater.B.30minuteslater.C.1hourlater.D.2hourslaterormore.,36,MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire,2.Howlongdoesapartyatwhichdinnerisservedusuallylast?Inourcountry_.intheEnglish-speakingcountries:A.1to2hoursB.3to4hoursC.5to6hoursD.7to8hours,37,MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire,3.Ifyouwerehavingapartyforthestudentsinyourclass,howmanydaysinadvancewouldyouinvitethem?Inourcountry_.intheEnglish-speakingcountries:A.Thedayoftheparty.B.Onedayinadvance.C.Severaldaysinadvance.D.Threeorfourweeksinadvance.,38,MultipleChoiceQuest