高级英语L9 Mark Twain.ppt

高级英语精品课程第一册绍兴文理学院元培学院,Whatpaperisthemanafter?,LessonNineMarkTwainMirrorofAmerica,TeachingObjectives,ToacquaintstudentswiththemajoreventsinthehistoryofUSA.ToacquaintstudentswiththelifeandwritingofMarkTwain.Toacquaintstudentswithbiographicwriting.Tohelpstudentstoappreciatetherichrhetoricaldevicesinthetext,Questionstoconsiderforpre-reading.WhydoestheauthorsaythatMarkTwainisthemirrorofAmerica?,TheassertionthatMarkTwainisthemirrorofAmericaismadeintwosenses.First,MarkTwainsexciting,adventuresomelifestoriesthemselvesmirrorapartoftrueAmericanhistory,andthelifeofordinaryAmericanpeople.Second,hislifeexperiencefurnishedhimwithawideknowledgeofhumanity,aswellaswiththeperfectgraspoflocalcustomsandspeech,whichMarkTwainhasmanifestedsowellinhiswriting.Hisworksmirrortherealsocietyofhistime.MarkTwainisapartofAmerica.Asaman,hegrewupwithAmericaasacountry(ayoungcountry)Asawriter,hegrewupwithAmerica,movedalongwithAmerica,frominnocencetoexperience.,MarkTwain:SamuelLanghorneClemens(1835-1910).twofathomsdeep.HisLife_HistoricEventsofUSATrampprinterRiverpilot-ProsperousMississippiRiverTranscontinentalRailroadsGuerrilla-TheCivilWarProspector-GoldRushReporter-WestwardExpansionCorrespondent-Europe,theHolyLandWriter-TomSawyersinnocenceHuckFinnsexperience,TextualStructure,PartOne,Question:HowwasMarkTwainintroduced?-hisoutstandingachievementsasawriterwhocreatedtwoimmortalcharacters-hismulti-sidedpersonality:adventurous,patriotic,romantic,humorist,cynical,bitter,sad.,.AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwaincalledHuckleberryFinn.Therewasnothingbefore.Therehasbeennothingasgoodsince.-ErnestHemingwayOneofhisgreatestaccomplishmentswasthedevelopmentofawritingstylethatwasdistinctlyAmerican,ratherthananimitationofthestyleofEnglishwriters.TwainmadeamoreextensivecombinationofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliteraturethanpreviouswritershaddone.(localcolorism,adominantfashionfrom1860s1900s)Thelooserhythmsofthelanguageinhisbooksgivetheimpressionofrealspeech.TwainsrealisticprosestylehasinfluencednumerousAmericanwriters.,AnaccountofMarkTwainstwogreatworksTheAdventuresofTomSawyeraclassicaltaleofAmericanboyhoodTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnamovingpanoramaforexplorationofAmericansociety,-(Para14-19),.,WordsandExpressionsrememberas鲁迅创造了阿Q,这是大多数的中国人所熟知的.MostChinesepeoplerememberLuXunasthefatherofAhQu.(everybit)asasanyonehaseverimagined她的美丽无与伦比.Sheisasbeautifulasanyonehaseverimagined.Iameverybitassorryaboutitasyouare鲁迅,这位最受中国人民喜爱的作家之一,他的爱国热情、尖刻而幽默的笔调都达到了登峰造极的地步。LuXun,oneofbest-lovedauthorsinChina,waseverybitaspatriotic,acid-tonguedandhumorousasanyonehaseverimagined.,cynical,acynicdenyingthesincerityofpeoplesmotivesandactions;seeingnogoodnessinhumanbehavior.havinglittlefaithinhumansincerityorgoodness.acynicalman/acynicalattitude/acynicalsmileWfoundtoemphasizethatsth.isverygreatandintenseHislove/foundanger/shock/disagreement.aprofoundidea,work,person-showsgreatintellectualdepthandunderstanding.Thisbookisfullofprofoundinsights深邃的见解.,cynical;profound,deal,obsesswith,frailties,dealsb.ablowtocausesb.greatdifficultiesHedealtmeahardblowonthechinThenewsdealtmeasevereblowobsess:v.Tooccupythemindofexcessively,keepthinkingaboutsthandfinditdifficulttothinkaboutanythingelse.使着迷,困扰Imustadmitthatdiamondsobsessme.ShestoppeddrinkingandbeganobsessingaboutherweightHewasobsessedwithrocknroll她晚年一直受到死亡恐惧的困扰。Thefearofdeathobsessedherthroughoutheroldagefrailty:aweaknessofcharacterorbehavior.Oneofthefrailtiesofhumannatureislaziness.Frailty,thynameiswoman!(Hamlet),(Para2),GeneralintroductionofMarkTwainslifeexperiencestrampprinterriverpilotguerrillaprospectorwriter/lecturerstarry-eyedoptimistacid-tonguedcynic,WordsandExpressionsattest:v.to.Beorgiveclearproofofsth.他对危机的处理证明了他性格坚强。Hishandlingofthecrisisattested(to)hisstrengthofcharacter.她的迅速提升体现了她的杰出才干。Heroutstandingabilitywasattestedbyherrapidpromotion.Hisbeautifullypaintedpictureswellattesthisloveofhishometown.score:twentyFourscoresandsevenyearsagoourforefathers(87years)scoresof:largenumber,morethandozensbutsmallerthanhundredsdozen:twelvedozensof,RiverPilotLifeontheMississippi,Hannibal,WhenIwasalittleboy,therewasbutonepermanentambitionamongmycomradesinourvillageonthewestbankoftheMississippiriver.Thatwas,tobeasteam-boatman.Wehadtransientambitionsofothersorts,buttheywereonlytransient.Whenacircuscameandwent,itleftusallburningtobecomeclowns;nowandthenwehadahopethat,ifwelivedandweregood,Godwouldpermitustobepirates.Theseambitionsfadedout,eachinitsturn;buttheambitiontobeasteam-boatmanalwaysremained.”(p.21),westwardexpansion,ThemassacreofthenativeIndians:The1803LouisianaPurchase(whichextendedfromtheMississippiR.totheRockyMts.andfromtheGulfofMexicotoBritishNorthAmerica,doubledtheareaoftheUS)fromNapoleonsFrance.The1845TexasAnnexation(whichprovokedtheMexicanWarandresultedintheacquiringofCaliforniaandmostofthepresentSouthwest).ThepushintoOregonin1846afterapeacefulsettlementwithBritain.AlsotheCaliforniaGoldRushin1848.Thediscoveryofgoldbroughtmorethan40,000prospectorsandadventurerstherewithintwoyears.(OthergoldrushestookplaceinAustralia,1851-53;SouthAfrica,1884;andtheKlondikeCanada1897-98).,WordsandExpressions,drain:v.toreceivethewatersofthisareaandcarrythemtotheocean;ortocarryawaythesurfacewater.流过,把(水)排掉,消耗掉waterfromthepondTheywantedtothelandTheillnessedhisstrengthThenationsresourceswereedbythewarHeedhisparentsofeverypennytheyhad.Drainagesystem排水系统Drainagebasin流域,WhatwastheimportanceoftheRivertoMarkTwainswriting?,markedtherealbeginningofhiseducatione.gpilothousetalksoffeuds,piracies,lynchings,medicineshows,savagewatersideslumsacquaintedhimwitheverypossibletypeofhumannature,fromwhomhegainedkeenperceptionofthehumanracee.g.pioneers,hustlers,gamblers,thugssoakedupinthecolorfullanguagethathewouldrecordinhislaterwriting,castofcharacters:thecastofaplayorafilmconsistsofallthepeoplewhoactinit(here)peopleofallsortsfeud:long-lastingandbitterquarrelordisputebetweentwopeopleorgroupse.g.thefeudbetweenRomeosfamilyandJulietslynch:(esp.ofacrowdofpeople)toattackandputtodeath,esp.byhanging,(apersonthoughttobeguiltyofacrime),withoutalawfultrial.,soakedupwithamemorythatseemedphonographicHeabsorbedanddigestedthecolorfullanguagewithanastonishinggoodmemorywhichseemedtobeabletorecordthingslikeaphonograph.soakup:totakein,toabsorbHegotouthishandkerchieftosoakuptheblood.Thereportersoakedupnewinformationlikeasponge.Gotoasidewalkcafe,ordercoffee,andsoakuptheatmosphere.,teemwithteemwith:befullof,beswarmingorcrowdedwith充满Theriverteemswithallkindsoffishinsummer.Thewoodlandsteemedwithwildlife.Hainanteemswithtouristsinwinter.Hismindteemswithplans.,acquaint:know,causetoknowpersonally,makefamiliarwith,beacquaintedwiththemayorYoumustacquaintyourselfwithyournewduties.IhaveheardaboutyourfriendbutIamnotacquaintedwithhim.Ihavefewacquaintancesthere.,dryupEveryonebecameembarrassedandconversationdriedup.Foreigninvestmentmaydryup.,PartTwoParagraphs7-13BackgroundInformation-TheGoldRush-theOldWorld,theNewworld-theHolyLand,Wordsandexpressions,Succumbto;flirtwith;succumbtogavewayto,yieldedto,submittedto屈服，屈从于，听从Thegovernmentsuccumbedtothepressureofthepress.政府已屈服于报界的压力。JiangJie-shisuccumbedtothepressureofthepublicandformedaunitedfrontwiththeCommunistPartyagainsttheJapanese.flirtwithmakeloveforamusement,withoutseriousintentionSheflirtswitheveryhandsomemanshemeets.Donttakeherseriously,poorboy.Shesonlyflirtingwithyou.(fig)pretendtobeinterestedin,thinkabout,butnotseriously.HesbeenflirtingwiththeideaofgoingtoNewYork.flirtatiousgirl,Rebuff:torejectbluntly;回绝,断然拒绝Sherebuffedallmyoffersoffriendship.Theattemptoffriendshipwasrebuffedwithacoldlook.Wetriedtobefriendly,buthisrebuffmademethinkthathewantedtoleftalone.toliteraturesenduringgratitudeLiteratureisgratefultothisturnofevents.Tomysurprise/satisfaction/disappointment/delight/horror/astonishment/amusement/tomyknowledge,dighiswaytoworkhardtogainminingstrikesuddendiscoveryofgold【DISCOVERY】Cusuallysingularthediscoveryofsomethingvaluableunderthegroundanoilstrike,Hispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickax.Metonymy:afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated.Metaphor:afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedforonethingisappliedtoanother.Identify:Thepenismightierthanthesword.Somebooksaretobetasted.Timeismoney.HaveyoueverreadMarkTwain?Thekettleisboiling(1.meto;2.metaphor;3.meta;4.meto;5.meto;),beahotbedofsthaplacewherealotofaparticulartypeofactivity,especiallybadorviolentactivity,happenstheuniversitywasahotbedofradicalprotestahotbedofracialintolerance,Hone(Vt.)formaltomakeknives,swordsetcsharp=sharpentoimproveyourskillatdoingsomething,especiallywhenyouarealreadyverygoodatitLeadingcompaniesspendtimeandmoneyonhoningtheskillsofseniormanagers.,MistreatmentofChinese,“Chineseimmigrantsfellvictimtoracialdiscriminationandclassexploitation.Manysawthemasculturalthreats,laborcompetition,andracialinferiorsChina,intheirview,wasabackward,heathen,anddegeneratecountry,anditspeople.”,1852:ForeignMinersTaxHostileminersresortedtophysicalviolencetoexpeltheChinese1,200deaths,basedonthe20,000poundsofbonesthatwereshippedbacktoChinabeforethecompletionoftherailroadin1869,Themessagebehindtheanti-Chinesemovementwasevident:theChineseweretoleratedaslongastherewasusefortheirlabortohelpdeveloptheeconomicinfrastructureoftheAmericanWest.ChineseAmericanVoices:FromtheGoldRushtothePresent,“剪掉中国男子脑后拖着的长辫子，是个很时兴的恶作剧，而这对那些不幸的华人男子来说，后果是很严重的。因为按照满清王朝的法律，没有辫子，他们不得回国。刚到旧金山的华人移民，往往被当地的街头流氓“护送”到唐人街，路上遭到他们的“无端辱骂和殴打，被扔以碎砖块和烂水果，简直是一片爱尔兰醉鬼狂欢的气氛”。而在这些骚扰之后，则是随时可能发生的更为严重的暴力威胁，白人暴徒在西海岸和落基山脉地区，不时地焚烧和洗劫唐人街，所到之处滥杀无辜。1871年在洛杉矶，一伙白人歹徒一夜之间射杀绞死了20名左右的华人。”美国种族简史,ringfamiliarlyinmodernworldaccustomedtotrendsettingontheWestCoast:produceafamiliarimpressiononpeopleinmodernworldbe(get,become,grow)accustomedto=beusedto+n.,pron.Hequicklybecameaccustomedtothelocalfood.Hetookhisaccustomedseatbythefire.Hequicklyaccustomedhimselftothisnewwayoflife.,ItwasthatpopulationthatgavetoCaliforniaanameforgettingup.getup:arrange,orperform.Ifyougetsomethingup,youorganizesomethingsuchasapublicevent,esp.withverylittlepreparation.Aratherold-fashionedexpression.Whoisgoingtogetuptheconcert?,astound:toshockwithsurpriseenterprise:aplan,business,task,somethingdaringanddifficult,undertakingrushthrough:tocomplete(ajob)hastily.Wewilltrytorushthecontract/yourorderthroughbeforeSaturday.Arecklesspersonisonewhodoesthingswithoutthinkingaboutwhattheresultsmightbe.,ItwasthesepioneersthatbroughtCaliforniaareputation.Californiawasmadefamousfororganizing/starting/establishingsurprisingbusinesses/undertakingsanddeveloping/completingthemwithmagnificent/greatbraveryandcourage,withoutcaringcostoroutcome/effect/result.AndCaliforniakeepsthisfameuntilnow.Whenshemakesplansforanewsurprise,thedull,solemn,dignifiedpeopleinotherpartsoftheStatessmileasusualandsay:Well,ThatstypicalofCalifornia,ThatsjustlikeCalifornia.,The_ofthefloodisstillunderestimation.Hemaybeamanof_inhisowncountry,buthesnobodyhere.The_oftheresearcharetobepublishedsoon.Fiveminutesfromtheend,the_ofthematchwasstillindoubt.,consequence/result/outcome,Drearydullanddepressingthesameolddrearyroutinenotations:abriefnotejotteddown,astoremindoneofsomethingTheDuchessfoundthenotationleftbytheDuke.,takeadistinctlyanAmericanbookanewworldvs.anoldworldInHenryJamesTheAmbassador”Americans-energy,vigor,innocence,roughness,dashanddaringEuropeans-sophistication,refined,gracefulnesshypocritical,arrogant,HolyLandFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,TheexpressionTheHolyLandgenerallyreferstotheLandofIsrael.ItconcernstheareasthatholdsignificantreligiousimportancetoanyorallthreemonotheisticAbrahamictraditions:Judaism,ChristianityandIslam.1)ThecorereasonwhyJewsviewthelandasholyisduetothespecialstatustheBiblegivesitwithregardtoJewishreligiousobservance,togetherwiththefactthatJerusalemwasthesiteoftheTemple.2)TheHolyLandissignificantinChristianity,mainlybecauseitistheplaceofbirth,CrucifixionandResurrectionofJesusofNazareth,theSaviourtoChristianity.(see耶稣受难记）3)SharingsimilarreligiousbeliefswithJewsandChristians,Muslimsconsiderthelandwestof(butnotlimitedto)theJordanRivertobeSacredasmentionedintheQuran,(5:20-21).,sore:(ofapartofthebody)hurtingwhentouchedorused;tenderandpainful;aching,hurting,irritated,serious,severeasoreknee,throat,etcMylegisstillverysore.Shefeelssoreaboutnotbeinginvitedtotheparty.Yourfinancialhelpissorelyneeded.Shewassorelymissedatthereunion.,debunk:(infml)topointoutthetruthabout(over-praisedpeople,things,ideas,etc).Youdebunkanideaorbelief,youshowthatitisfalseornotimportant.,revered:(fml)togivegreatrespectandadmirationtoHewasareveredfigurewithagreatnationalreputation.cf:reverend:(onlyusedbeforethenounitmodifies)HisVenerableReverendChairmanMaotheVery/Right/MostReverendJohnMorris(respectfuladdresstoacatholicfather,bishoporarchbishop),TheLastSupper,(Italian:IlCenacoloorLUltimaCena)isa15thcenturymuralpaintinginMilan,createdbyLeonardodaVinciforhispatronDukeLodovicoSforza.ItrepresentsthesceneofTheLastSupperfromthefinaldaysofJesusasdepictedintheBible.Thepaintingisbasedontheaccount,inJohn13:21,ofJesusannouncingthatoneofhistwelvediscipleswouldbetrayhim.Thepaintingisoneofthemostwellknownandvaluedintheworld;unlikemanyothervaluablepaintings,however,ithasneverbeenprivatelyownedbecauseitcannoteasilybemoved.,TheLastSupperLeonardoDaVinci,14951498temperaongesso,pitchandmastic460880cm,181346inchesSantaMariadelleGrazie(Milan),TheLastSupperispaintedonthedilapidatedwallofwhatwasalittlechapelattachedtothemainchurchinancienttimes.Isuppose.Itisbatteredandscarredineverydirection,andstainedanddiscoloredbytime.Irecognizedtheoldpictureinamomentthepicturefromwhichallengravingsandallcopieshavebeenmadeforthreecenturies.PerhapsnolivingmanhasevenknownanattempttopainttheLordsSupperdifferently.Theworldseemstohavebecomesettledinthisbelief,longago,thatitisnotpossibleforhumangeniustooutdothiscreationofDaVincis.Isupposepainterswillgooncopyingitaslongasanyoftheoriginalisleftvisibletotheeye”(FromTheInnocentsAbroad:TheOldMasters)Question:WhatdidMarkTwainsatirize?,HuckleberryFinnAcharacterwhoexemplifiesfreedomwithin,andfrom,Americansociety.Hucklivesonthemarginsofsocietybecause,asthesonofthetowndrunk,heisprettymuchanorphan.Hesleepswherehepleases,providednobodychaseshimoff,andheeatswhenhepleases,providedhecanfindamorsel.Noonerequireshimtoattendschoolorchurch,bathe,ordressrespectably.Hucksmokesandswears.YearsofhavingtofendforhimselfhaveinvestedHuckwithasolidcommonsenseandapracticalcompetencethatcomplementTomsdreamyidealismandfantasticalapproachtoreality.ButHuckdoeshavetwothingsincommonwithTom:azestforadventureandabeliefinsuperstition.ThroughHuck,Twainweighsthecostsandbenefitsoflivinginasocietyagainstthoseoflivingindependentlyofsociety.TheadultsocietydisapprovesofHuck.AfterHucksavestheWidowDouglasandgetsrich,thescaletipsinthedirectionoflivinginsociety.ButHuck,unlikeTom,isntconvincedthattheexchangeoffreedomforstabilityisworthit.Hehaslittleuseforthemoneyhehasfoundandisquitedevotedtohisrough,independentlifestyle.Whenthenovelends,Huck,likeTom,isstillaworkinprogress,andwearentsurewhethertheWidowDouglassattemptstocivilizehimwillsucceed.,MoonRiverMoonRiver,widerthanamile:Imcrossingyouinstylesomeday.Oh,dreammaker,youheartbreaker,WhereveryouregoingImgoingyourway,Twodrifters,offtoseetheworld.Theressuchalotofworldtosee.Wereafterthesamerainbowsend,waitingroundthebend.Myhuckleberryfriend.MoonRiverandme.,TomSawyerWhenthenovelbegins,TomisamischievouschildwhoenviesHuckFinnslazylifestyleandfreedom.AsTomsadventuresproceed,however,criticalmomentsshowTommovingawayfromhischildhoodconcernsandmakingmature,responsibledecisions.ThesemomentsincludeTomstestimonyatMuffPotterstrial,hissavingofBeckyfrompunishment,andhisheroicnavigationoutofthecave.Bytheendofthenovel,TomiscoaxingHuckintostayingattheWidowDouglass,urginghisfriendtoaccepttightcollars,Sundayschool,andgoodtablemanners.Heisnolongeradisobedientcharacterunderminingtheadultorder,butadefenderofrespectabilityandresponsibility.Intheend,growingupforTommeansembracingsocialcustomandsacrificingthefreedomsofchildhood.YetTomsdevelopmentisnttotallycoherent.TomisaparadoxicalfigureinsomerespectsSometimesTomshowsthenavetofasmallerchild,withhisinterestinmake-believeandsuperstitions.Ontheotherhand,TomsromanticinterestinBeckyandhisfascinationwithHuckssmokinganddrinkingseemmoretheconcernsofanadolescent.WhetherornotasinglecourseofdevelopmentcharacterizesTomsadventures,asinglecharactertraitTomsunflaggingenergyandthirstforadventurepropelsthenovelfromepisodetoepisode.Disobedientthoughhemaybe,TomendsupasSt.Petersburgshero.Asthetowngossipssay,“TomwouldbePresident,yet,ifheescapedhanging.”,Inearnest:Ifsomethingstartshappeninginearnest,itbeginsproperly-usedwhenitwashappeninginasmallorinformalwaybefore.OnMondayyourtrainingbeginsinearnest!Itsbeginningtosnowinearnest.青少年犯罪juveniledelinquency,respectable/respective/respectful/respected,Hecamefromaperfectly_middle-classfamily.Thechildreninourfamilyarealways_totheirelders.Weallwentbacktoour_homestowaitfornews.Heishighly_forhisnovelsandplays.,deplore:todisapproveofsomethingverystronglyandcriticizeitseverely,especiallypubliclyShedeploredhisscandalousactions.energy-sapping:energyweakeningnerve-rackingtasktime-consumingexercisesclamoraloudcry,uproar,AnaccountofMarkTwainspersonaltragedyandconclusionPersonaltragedies:deathsofhislovedonesHispessimisminhislateryears:disillusionwiththeworldandlifeitself,PartThreePara(20-22),FromTheMysteriousStrangerpublishedposthumouslyin1916.,Itistrue,thatwhichIhaverevealedtoyou,thereisnoGod,nouniverse,nohumanrace,noearthlylife,noheaven,nohell.Itisalladreamagrotesqueandfoolishdream.Nothingexistsbutyou.Andyouarebutathoughtavagrantthought,auselessthought,ahomelessthought,wanderingforlornamongtheemptyeternities!Comment:Itappearsintheclosingpagesofthestory.MarkTwaintriestosolvehisriddleofgriefandself-reproachandclothehissoulintheinvulnerablearmourofdesperation.Goodand