unit 4 professions for women（课堂PPT）

ProfessionsforWomen,VirginiaWoolf,1,VirginiaWoolf(1882-1941),AnEnglishnovelist,criticandessayist.Life-longexperiencebeeducatedathomeinherfatherslibraryIn1912marriedLeonardWoolf,acriticandwriteroneconomicsin1917setuptheHogarthPressendedherlifebycommittingsuicideinariverinherhometownRemarksoneofthethreegreatestwritersofstreamofconsciousnessoneofthepioneersofwomensliberationfrompatriarchy.Inhernovel,emphasisisonthepsychologicalrealmofhercharactersandthemoment-by-momentexperienceofliving,whicharedepictedbythetechniquesofinteriormonologueandstreamofconsciousness.Herbooksarealsonotedfortheirpoeticandsymbolicquality,theirsubtlestyleandtheirrichhistoricalandliteraryreference.,2,TextAnalysis,3,Paragraph1,AccordingtoWoolf,aretheremanypeculiarexperiencesintheprofessionofliteratureforwomen?Why/whynot?Whatkindofoccupationiswritingaccordingtoher?Whatis“thereasonwhywomenhavesucceededaswritersbeforetheyhavesucceededintheotherprofessions”?,4,Whatisthemainideaofparagraphone?,Intheprofessionofliterature,theauthorfindsthattherearefewerexperiencespeculiartowomenthaninotherprofessionsbecausemanywomenwritersbeforeherhavemadetheroadsmooth.,5,thestage:With“the”thewordmeansthetheater,drama,oractingasaprofession.Likeliterature,thestageinvolvesmorewomenthanotherprofessions.theroadwascut:路已开辟出来了。makingthepathsmooth:pavingtheway(for)regulatingmysteps:guidingmeasImovedforward指导我向前进Inmyway:(inones/theway)inaplaceorpositionthatpreventssomeoneorsomethingelsefrommovingfreely,6,Thefamilypeacewasnotbrokenbythescratchingofapen.,(1)Herethe“familypeace”hastwomeanings:first:calm,quiet,tranquility;second:harmony,lackofworryandquarrels.(2)scratchingofapen:thesoundmadebyanold-fashionedinkpenwhenitmovesonpaper,7,familypurse.“purse”standsformoney,financialconditionsfamilypurse:家庭财力/经济Theword“purse”isusedfiguratively.Thiskindofspeechiscalledmetonymy换喻、转喻.Metonymyisanotherformofmetaphor,inwhichthethingchosenforthemetaphoricalimageiscloselyassociatedwith(butnotanactualpartof)thesubjectwithwhichitistobecompared.E.g.“thewhitehouse”for“thePresident”,“thecrown”for“theKing”or“theQueen”.Hesucceededbythesweatofhisbrow.“sweatofonesbrow”standsforoneshardwork,8,Pianosandmodels,Paris,ViennaandBerlin,mastersandmistresses,arenotneededbyawriter.,(1)mastersandmistresses:teachersortutors;professionalpractitionersofmusicorpainting;greatartists.开业者,实践者(2)Ifyouwanttobeamusicianorapainter,youmustownapianoorhiremodels,andyouhavetovisitorevenliveinculturalcenterslikeParis,ViennaandBerlin.Andalsoyouhavetobetaughtbymastersandmistresses.However,ifyouwanttobeawriter,youdontneedallthese.,9,Paragraph2,WhatdidWoolfbuywithherfirstrewardfromwriting?,10,Whatisthemainideaofparagraphtwo?,Theauthorsownprofessionalexperiences,11,ButtoshowyouhowlittleIdeservetobecalledaprofessionalwoman,howlittleIknowofthestrugglesanddifficultiesofsuchlives,Ihavetoadmitthatinsteadofspendingthatsumuponbreadandbutter,rent,shoesandstockings,orbutchersbills.Iwentoutandboughtacat-abeautifulcat,aPersiancat,whichverysooninvolvedmeinbitterdisputeswithmyneighbors.,Theimpliedmeaningisthatinthelivesofprofessionalwomenthereareusuallystrugglesanddifficulties.Whentheymakesomemoney,theywouldspenditonbreadandbutter,rent,shoesandstockingsorbutchersbills.Allofwhicharebasicdailynecessities.,12,(1)breadandbutter:asetphrase,meansfoodandthemostimportantandbasicthings.rhetoricaldevice-synecdoche提喻breadandbutter-foodsynecdoche:apartisusedforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathing,orthereverseofanyofthese.Agoodsynecdocheisbasedonanimportantpartofthewholeandnotaminorpartand,usually,thepartselectedtostandforthewholeisthepartmostdirectlyassociatedwiththesubjectunderdiscussion.E.g.1.Weneed50handsforthework.(Handsratherthanfeetareusedtostandforpeople)2.Heisafootsoldier.(footforinfantrynfntri步兵),13,Moreexamplesforsynecdoche:A.Thepartforthewhole1.head:personHepaidtheworkers$5perhead.2.heart:bravefellowYetthereweresomestoutheartswhoattemptedresistance.B.Thewholeforthepart1.NameofcountryforgroupofpeopleofthatcountryAustraliabeatCanadaatfootball.(=theAustralianteambeattheCanadianteam)2.ThepersonforpartofhisbodyThenhecutmeopenandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain(=cuthisabdomenbdmn腹部open).,14,(2)butchersbills:Butchersbillsstandformeatboughtfromabutcher.Thisismetonymy.butchersbills-meat(metonymy),15,Para3,WasWoolfsfirstarticleeasytowrite?Whatdidshehavetodobattlewithduringthewritingprocess?WhatistheAngelintheHouselike?Whatdidtheauthordowiththeangel?Wastheangelinthehouseeasytokill?DoChinesewomenhavetodothesamebattle?,16,MainideasofPara3,Thespeakerfocusesonthefirstobstacletobecomingaprofessionalwomenwriter.Sheusesafigureofspeech“killingtheAngelintheHouse”indescribingherdeterminationtogetridoftheconventionalroleofwomeninherwriting.,17,WhatcouldbeeasierthantowritearticlesButwaitamoment.,(1)Thespeakerbeginsthispartwitharhetoricalquestion,whichexpectsnoanswer.ThequestionimpliesthatwritingarticlesandbuyingPersiancatswiththeprofitswereveryeasy.(2)“Waitamoment”callsforasecondthoughtormoreattentionfromtheaudience,signifyingthatthingsmaynotbeaseasyastheyseemtobe,andthatsomethingimportantiscomingup.Thetwosentencesserveasatransitionaldevicelinkinghersimplestorywithadiscussionofamoreseriousnature.,18,AndwhileIwaswritingthisreviewdobattlewithacertainphantom.,(1)dobattlewith:toarguewithsomeoneorfightagainstsomeone.(2)phantom:Theword“phantom”iswellchosenforthediscourse.Ithasaliterarymeaningandafigurativemeaning.Literarilyitmeansghostlyimageorfigure;ghost.Figuratively,itmeansunrealorimaginedthing,asseeninadreamorvision;illusion.Bothmeaningssuitthecontexthere.Inthetext,thephantomappearstothesightintheformofanangel,andalsoitisamentalrepresentationofthestereotypedVictorianwoman.,19,(1)after:(especiallyinBritishEnglish)giventhesamenameassomeoneelse,especiallyanoldermemberofyourfamily,e.g.HernameisElizabeth,afterhergrandmother.(2)heroine:thecentralfemalecharacterinanovel,play,etc.,withwhomthereaderoraudienceissupposedtosympathize(3)TheAngelintheHouse:seeNote8inthetextbook.CoventryPatmore,theauthorofthepoem,TheAngelintheHose,seeshiswifeEmilyasaperfectVictorianwifeandheadofthehome,thuscomparinghertoanangel.,Icalledheraftertheheroineofafamouspoem,TheAngelinthehouse.,Tobecontinued,20,(4)angel:Theoriginalmeaningoftheword“angel”isamessengerofGodandasupernaturalbeingtowhomareattributedgreaterthanhumanpower,intelligence,etc.Theconventionalizedimageofanangelisoneofawhite-robedfigureinhumanformwithwingsandahalo.Whenusedfiguratively,thewordmeansapersonregardedasbeingasbeautiful,good,andinnocent,etc.asanangel,especiallysaidofwomenandchildren.Sinceanangelissupernaturalandoftenfemale,itisappropriatefortheauthortocallthephantomanangel.,21,Qualitiesoftheangelinthehouse,Intenselysympathetic-strongemotion,firm,seriousImmenselycharming-limitless,vastandhugeUtterlycharming-totally,completely,unconditionally,22,Shewassoconstitutedthatsheneverhadamindorwishofherown.,Paraphrase1:Shewasmadeuporformedinsuchawaythatsheneverhadanopinionorwishofherown.Paraphrase2:thetraditionalvaluesthatweresodeeplyrootedinherminddeprivedherofamindofherown.,23,usealltheartsandwilesofoursex,Artsandwiles:thetwowordsmeansthesamething“theslyandcunningtricks”.Theauthorisurgedtousethetricksofthefemalesexbecauseawomanhastodosoinordertobesuccessfulinamen-dominatedprofessionHeretheword“arts”(inthepluralform)issynonymoftheword“wiles”.wile:wailn.诡计theuseoftrickstodeceivesomeone,24,Andshemadeasiftoguidemypen:,Shemovedinawaythatitseemthatsheisgoingtoguidemywriting.Makeasiftodosomething:moveinawaythatmakesitseemthatyouaregoingtodosomething.e.g.Fred,stillgrinningme,madeasiftohitme.弗莱德，一直抓着我，似乎要打我。,25,Inowrecordtheoneactforwhich,下面我要说说多少是我自己决定的一个事情，当然此事的功劳主要应归功于我的了不起的祖先，是他们给我留下了一笔财产比如说每年五百英镑这样我就不必完全靠女人的魅力去某生了。credit:praise;approvalforanact,abilityoraquality.,26,Iturneduponherandcaughtherbythethroat.,turneuponsb:attacksbviolentlycatchsbbythethroat:扼住某人的喉咙,27,ifIweretobehadupinacourtoflaw,Havesb.up:takesbto(inf.):takesbtocourt.Eg.Lastyearhewashadupfordrunkendriving.,28,HadInotkilledhershewouldhavekilledme.Shewouldhavepluckedtheheartoutofmywriting.,Tokilltheangel:togetridofthoseVictorianattitudesandvaluescompletely-ifshehadnotdoneso,theseconventionalideaswouldhavedestroyedher.Itisalife-to-deathstruggle.theVictorianconventionsofbeingawomanwilltaketheessenceofherwriting,whichis,asexplainedinthenextsentence,havingamindofyourown,expressingwhatyouthinktobethetruthabouthumanrelations,morality,andsex.Thesentencemeansthoseconventionalattitudeswouldhavetakenawaythemostimportantpartofherwriting,thatis,theessenceofherwriting.pluck:v.摘,猛拉,拔.pullorpulloutsharplyheart:n.essence,29,Shediedhard.,Shedidntdieeasily.Shehadtobekilled.theimpliedmeaningisthatonehadtofightagainsttheVictoriantraditionsbravelyandresolutelyinordertogetridofthem.,30,ThoughIflattermyselfthatkilledherintheend,thestrugglewassevere;.Greekgrammar,roamingtheworldinsearchofadventures,Toillustratebycomparison:-AlthoughImademyselfbelievethatIkilledherintheend,thestrugglewassevereandittooksomuchmoretimethanhadbeenexpectedthatonewouldratherspendallthattimeinlearningGreekgrammarortravelingintheworldinsearchofadventures.roam:v.漫游,闲逛,徜徉moveaboutaimlesslyorwithoutanydestination,ofteninsearchoffoodoremployment,31,MainideasofPara4,AftertheAngelwasdead,thequestionwhichremainstobeansweredis“Whatisawoman?”Itisatransitionallinkbetweentheauthorsfirstandsecondexperiences,32,Imean,whatisawoman?,Imean,whatistheidentityofawoman?Theseeminglysimplequestionofwhatisawomanaddressedtheverybasicquestionabouttheidentityandtheroleofawomaninsociety.Whentraditionalvaluesarecriticized,ittakestimefornewvaluestobeshapedandaccepted.Itisalongprocess.,33,Idonotbelievethatanybodycanknowuntilhumanskill,-Ibelievethattoknowwhatisawoman,wewomenhavetoparticipateinalltheartsandprofessionsopentohumanknowledgeandunderstandingandtogiveexpressionstoourfeelingsincreativeforms.Translation:我相信，只有妇女在人类知识所涉及的全部文学艺术和专业领域用创造形式表达自己的情感后，她们才知道什么是妇女。Expressherself:tostateonesthoughts;togiveexpressionstoonesfeelings,imagination,etc,increativeorartisticactivityHumanskill:here,“skill”meansknowledge,understanding,judgment.Thedefinitionisnolongerinuse.,34,Para5,WhydidWoolfwanttobecomeanovelist?Whatisanovelistschiefdesire?Whydoesanovelistwantlifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularity?Whydoeshewanttodothesamethingsdayafterdayandmonthaftermonth?Accordingtowoolf,whatrousesawomanwriterfromhertrance?Domenallowwomenwritertotalkabouttheirbodyandpassion?,35,mainideaofParagraph5,Asunconsciousaspossiblethe2ndexperiencewoolftalksabouthersecondexperienceinherprofessionofliterature.Asanovelist,shewishedtoremainasunconsciousaspossiblesothatnothingmightdisturbordisquiettheimagination.Butshewasfacedwiththeconflictbetweenherownapproachtoartandtheconventionalapproachexpectedofherbymalecritics.Shebelievedthatsex-consciousnesswasagreathindrancetowomenswriting.Toillustratethispoint,sheemploysasecondfigureofspeech,theimageofafishermanlyingsunkindreamsonthevergeofadeeplake.,36,proceeds:收益theincomeorprofitarisingfromsuchtransactionsasthesaleoflandorotherpropertyastillstrangerthing:更奇怪的事情Heretheword“still”isanadverb,whichissimilarinmeaningto“even”.giveaway:Togiveawayiscolloquial,meaningtoexpose,reveal,orbetray.,37,Whyasunconsciousaspossible?,Unconscious?Firstlevelofinterpretation:Freudianconcept,whichreflectstheancientangersandanxietiesSecondlevel:dissatisfiedwithHenryJamesrealisticideasonfictionin“theArtofFiction”,sheexploredthepsychologicalnatureofconsciousness.Asforwoolf,sheexploredthepsychologicalnatureofconsciousness.Thedescriptionoftheimmediateflowofhercharactersthoughtsandtheirfeelingsofthemomentwasmoreimportantthantherealisticdepictionoftheirphysicalbehavior.,38,Hehastoinduceinhimselfastateofperpetuallethargy.Induce:v.引诱,招致,感应(formal)tocauseaparticularphysicalcondition.Lethargy:n.昏睡,瞌睡,无力气aconditionofabnormaldrowsiness;agreatlackofenergy;sluggishness,dullnessParaphrase:hehastocauseinhimselfaparticularconditioninwhichhewillremainabnormallybn:mlidrowsyandsluggishforalongtime.,39,Hewantslifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularitytheimagination,disquiet:disturbnosingabout:Thephraseissimilarinmeaningto“feeinground”,whichreallymeans“tosearchfor”.dart:adartisasudden,quickmovementinaparticulardirectiondashes:adashisasudden,swiftmovement,similartoadart.,40,Paraphrasing:Hewantslifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularitysuddendiscoveriesofthatveryshyandillusivespirit,theimagination.,-Meetingpeople,readingbooksanddoingthingsaresomeoftheexternalfactorsoftheauthorslife,theroutine,andthepredictablesocialevents.Wantingtoseethesamepeople,toreadthesamebooksanddothesamethingsfurtherexplainsherideaaboutlifewiththeutmostquietandregularity.Reducingeverydaylifetounchangingroutinesavoidshavingtopaymuchattentiontothepeopleandtheevents.Thisorientationhasledtotheestablishmentofsomewriterscoloniesorretreatcenterswhereforatimewritersdonothavetoworryaboutmeals,childrenorhousecleaningbutonlywrite.,41,Chinesetranslation:,他希望在写作时，他每天见到的人，读的书，做的事都是相同的，这样任何事物都不会打破他生活的幻想，也不会搅乱他的四处探求以及对那令人难以琢磨的东西想象力的突然发现。,42,Whydoeshewantlifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularity?Whydoeshewanttodothesamethingsdayafterdayandmonthaftermonth?Torespondtothisquestion,wehavetousesomeFreudian(佛洛伊德学说的)terms:,43,theegoandtheid.Freudpostulated(假定)theexistenceofthreeinternalforcesthatgovernapersonspsychic(sakk心灵的)life(1)id(Identity本我）theinstinctualforcesoflife，unconscious,uncontrollable,andisolated;(2)theego(自我）theexternalforcethathascontactwiththerealworld;（3）thesuper-ego(超我）thegoverningforce,ormoralconscience,thatseekstocontrolandirecttheegointosociallyacceptablepatternsofbehavior.,44,45,IntheFreudiansense,woolfisaskingthattheegomanagetheexternalfactorsofherlife-theroutine,thepredictablesocialevents,etc.-sothattheid(orunconscious)wouldbeunrestrained.Inotherwords,sheseekstranquilitytrkwlt平静;安静;安宁inhersurroundingsinordernottodistractherimagination/unconsciousaway.Therefore,inordernotbedistractedfromhercreativeworkofwriting,awritershouldreducehiseverydaylifetounchangingroutinetoavoidpayingmuchattentiontothepeopleortheevents.,46,Iwantyoutoimaginemewritinganovelinastateoftrance.Iwantyoutofiguretoyourselvesagirlsittingwithapeninherinherhand,whichforminutes,andindeedforhouses,sheneverdipsintotheinkpot.Bothsentencesechotheideaexpressedearlierthatanovelistschiefdesireistobeasunconsciousaspossible.trance:tr:nsn.梦幻之境,恍惚,apsychologicalstateinducedby(orasifinducedby)amagicalincantation我请你想象我在迷睡的状态中写小说。,47,TheimagethatcomestomymindwhenIthinkofthisgirlistheimageofafishermanlyingsunkindreamsonthevergeofadeeplakewitharodheldoutoverthewater.Dreamsisfunctionallyequalto“trance”-asunconsciousaspossibleTranslation:当我想到这女孩时，脑海中浮现出一个形象：一个深深的湖边有一位钓鱼者，他手握鱼竿，沉浸在梦境中。,48,Shewaslettingherimaginationsweepuncheckedourunconsciousbeing,cranny:n.裂缝,裂隙asmallopeningorcrevice(especiallyinarockfaceorwall)Thedepthsofourunconsciousbeing:无意识的最深层being:生存；存在stateorfactofexistingorliving,existence,life;fundamentaloressentialnatureThesentencemeans:Shewaslettingherimaginationexplorefreelyeverycornerofherinnerworldthatlieshiddeninthedeepestpartsofourunconsciousexistence.Translation:她正让她的想象自由地掠过淹没在我们无意识的最深层的世界里每一个岩石和裂缝。,49,Tospeakwithoutfigureshehadthoughtofsomethingwouldbeshocked,Tospeakwithoutfigure:不用修辞手段，直接了当的说Theword“passion”impliesastrongemotionsuchaslove,sexualdriveordesireandlust.Thesentencemeansherimaginationwasexploringfreelyuntilshethoughtofsomething,somethingaboutthebody,aboutthepassions.Butsherealizedthatitwasunfittingforherasawomantotellthetruthaboutthebodyandaboutpassionsbecausemenwouldbeshocked.,50,Theconsciousnessofwhatmenwillsayofawomanherartistsstateofunconsciousness.-sherealizedthatmendidnotapproveofawomandaringtotellthetruthaboutthebodyandherpassions.Theywouldsurelysaybadthingsaboutsuchawoman.Thisrealizationinterruptedherimaginationandrousedherfromthestateofunconsciousness,inwhichanartistdesiredtobe.Translation:她意识到男人们会如何议论一个敢讲有关激情真话的女人，这使她从艺术家的无意识状态中惊醒了。,51,Theywereimpededbytheextremeconventionalityoftheothersex:,impede:v.妨碍,阻碍,阻止beahindranceorobstacletoconventionality:n.陈规陋习,因袭传统theextremeconventionalityoftheothersex：男性极端的因循守旧Idoubt.:Idontthinkseverity:n.严格,严重,严厉.-Theprogressofwomenwriterswashinderedbymensextremelyconventionalthoughtsandbehaviors.,52,Para6,Whyisthesecondobstaclemoredifficulttosolve?,53,WhatisthemainideaofPara6,Thisparagraphsumsuptheauthorstwoexperiences,pointingoutthatthesecondobstacleismoredifficulttoovercomethanthefirst.Womenhavemanyprejudicestoovercomeintheprofessionofliteratureandespeciallyinnewprofessionsthatwom