Lesson 10. The discovery of what it means to be an American（课堂PPT）

Lesson10,TheDiscoveryofWhatItMeanstoBeanAmericanJamesBaldwin,外语教学与研究出版社FOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESS,1,C,w,Contents,PartOne:Warm-upPartTwo:BackgroundInformationPartThree:TextAppreciationPartFour:LanguageStudyPartFive:Exercises,2,CompanyLogo,.Brainstorming,Discussion:WhatdoyouthinkitmeanstobeanAmerican?,American,Liberty?,Democracy?,NewYork,UncleSam,Civilright,Multi-cultural?,Blackpeople,3,CompanyLogo,.Discussion,HowdoyouthinktheUnitedStatesdiffersfromEurope?WhydoAmericanwritersliketogotoEurope?Inwhatwaysdoyouthinkawriterdiffersfromtheaveragepeople?Whatarethetasksofwriters?,4,CompanyLogo,Topicsfororalpresentation1.WhatdoesitmeantobeaChinese?2.Whatarethehistoricaltasksofawriter?,5,CompanyLogo,.LearningObjectives,1.Toknowthewritingtechniquesofexpositorywriting.2.Tobeacquaintedwithsomeliteraryterms.3.Tolearntousewordstodescribeonenationandyourfeelings.4.Toappreciatethelanguagefeatures.5.Tolearntovoiceyourownviewpointfluentlyandaccurately.,6,CompanyLogo,PartTwoBackgroundInformation,.AbouttheAuthor.HenryJames.BessieSmith.LesMiserables.AlbertCamus.LittleRockI.AnnaKarenina,7,CompanyLogo,.AbouttheAuthor,JamesBaldwin(1924-1987)Afro-Americanwriter,notedforhisnovelsonsexualandpersonalidentity,andsharpessaysoncivil-rightsstruggleintheUnitedStates.,8,CompanyLogo,HeisamajorspokesmanforhisraceintheCivilRightsMovementofthe1960s.InprotestagainsttheracialdiscriminationhelefttheUSat24toliveinFrance,wheremostofhisworkwaswritten.“AttherootoftheAmericanNegroproblemisthenecessityoftheAmericanwhitemantofindawayoflivingwiththeNegroinordertobeabletolivewithhimself.”Hegainedfamewithhisfirstnovel,GoTellItontheMountain(1953),astoryofhiddensins,guilt,andreligioustorments.Severalofhisnovelsdealtwithhomosexualliaisons.Someofhisotherimportantworksare:NotesofaNativeSon,NobodyKnowsMyName,TheFireNextTime,andIfBealeStreetCouldTalk.Healsowroteplays,andthemostwell-knownisBluesforMisterCharlie.,.AbouttheAuthor,9,CompanyLogo,.HenryJames,HenryJames(1843-1916)American-bornwriterwhospentthelast53yearsofhislifeinEngland.Akeyfigureof19th-centuryliteraryrealism.Writingformthepointofviewofacharacterwithinatale.,10,CompanyLogo,HeisprimarilyknownfortheseriesofnovelsinwhichheportraystheencounterofAmericanswithEuropeandEuropeans.Hisimaginativeuseofpointofview,interiormonologueandpossiblyunreliablenarratorsinhisownnovelsandtalesbroughtanewdepthandinteresttonarrativefiction.Hisstyleinlaterworkshasbeencomparedtoimpressionistpainting.Someofhisfamousworksare:TheAmerican(1877),TheBostonians(1886),TheSpoilsofPoynton(1897),TheWingsoftheDove(1902),TheAmbassadors(1903);TheGoldenBowl(1904),etc.,.HenryJames,11,CompanyLogo,.BessieSmith,BessieSmith(1894-1937)AmericanBlacksinger.Smithwasthemostpopularfemalebluessingerofthe1920sand1930s.Sheisoftenregardedasoneofthegreatestsingersofherera.Thepowerandsomberbeautyofhervoice,coupledwithsongsrepresentingeveryvarietyoftheblues,earnedherthetitle“EmpressoftheBlues.”,12,CompanyLogo,.LesMiserables悲惨世界,An1862FrenchnovelbyauthorVictorHugoandiswidelyconsideredoneofthegreatestnovelsof19thcentury.ItfollowsthelivesandinteractionsofseveralFrenchcharactersoveraseventeen-yearperiodintheearly19thcentury,startingin1815andculminatinginthe1832JuneRebellion.Thenovelfocusesonthestrugglesofex-convictJeanValjeanandhisexperienceofredemption.Itexaminesthenatureoflawandgrace,andexpatiatesuponthehistoryofFrance,architectureofParis,politics,moralphilosophy,antimonarchism,justice,religion,andthetypesandnatureofromanticandfamiliallove.,13,CompanyLogo,.AlbertCamus,AlbertCamus(19131960)Algerian-bornFrenchphilosopher,novelist,dramatist,andjournalist.Oneofthemostimportantauthorsandthinkersofthe20thcentury.InWorldWarIIhejoinedtheFrenchresistanceandwasprincipaleditoroftheundergroundpaperCombat.Camuswasawardedthe1957NobelPrizeinLiterature.Someofhisfamousworksare:thenovelTheStranger(1942),theessay“TheMythofSisyphus”(1942),theshortnovelTheFall(1956),etc.Camushassometimesbeenclassifiedamongtheexistentialists,buthehimselfrefutedtheirpositioninmanyofhiswritings.,14,CompanyLogo,.LittleRock,LittleRockisthecapitalandthelargestcityoftheU.S.stateofArkansas.Thecitybecameacenterofworldattentionin1957,whenFederaltroopsweresenttheretoenforcea1954USSupremeCourtrulingagainstsegregationinthepublicschools.,15,CompanyLogo,I.AnnaKarenina,anovelbytheRussianwriterLeoTolstoy,publishedinserialinstallmentsfrom1873to1877intheperiodicalTheRussianMessenger.Oneofthemasterpiecesofworld.ThefirstcompleteEnglishtranslationappearedin1899.,16,CompanyLogo,AnnaKareninaistheheroineinthenovel.Sheisanaristocraticwomanquestingforbourgeoisindividuality.Unabletobearthecold-heartednessandshallownessofherhusband,AlekseiKarenin,shefallsinlovewiththeyoungofficerVronsky.Theirloveaffairreceivesinsultsandattacksfromthearistocraticsociety.Afterhavinglostherfamily,sonandsocialstatus,shedoesntfindatrueloveandfinallycommitssuicideasaprotestagainstthesociety.Thenoveliscurrentlyenjoyingpopularityasdemonstratedbyarecentpollof125contemporaryauthorsbyJ.PederZane,publishedin2007inTheTopTen,whichdeclaredthatAnnaKareninaisthe“greatestnoveleverwritten”.,I.AnnaKarenina,17,CompanyLogo,PartThreeTextAppreciation,.TextAnalysisIntroductionThemeTextOrganizationFurtherUnderstanding.WritingDevicesLanguageStyleRhetoricalDevices.SentenceParaphrase,18,CompanyLogo,.TextAnalysis,IntroductionTheDiscoveryofWhatItMeanstoBeanAmericanisapieceofexpositorywriting.Expositionisatypeoforalorwrittendiscoursethatisusedtoexplain,describe,giveinformationorinform.Thecreatorofanexpositorytextcannotassumethatthereaderorlistenerhaspriorknowledgeorpriorunderstandingofthetopicthatisbeingdiscussed.,19,CompanyLogo,.TextAnalysis,Oneimportantpointtokeepinmindfortheauthoristotrytousewordsthatclearlyshowwhattheyaretalkingaboutratherthanblatantly公然地tellingthereaderwhatisbeingdiscussed.Sinceclarityrequiresstrongorganization,oneofthemostimportantmechanismsthatcanbeusedtoimproveourskillsinexpositionistoprovidedirectionstoimprovetheorganizationofthetext.,20,CompanyLogo,.TextAnalysis,ThemeThecentralthesisoftheexpositionisexpressedbythetitleoftheessay.Todevelopthethesis,Baldwiniswritingonthreelevels:1)asanAmerican2)asanAmericanwriter3)asablackAmericanwriter,21,CompanyLogo,.TextAnalysis,BaldwindiscoversinEuropethattheAmericanisdifferentfromtheEuropeanandthatitisacomplexfatetobeanAmerican.HealsodiscoversthatallAmericans,whiteorblack,lovedtheircountryandwerenotathomeinEurope;thatAmericansknewmoreabouteachotherthananyEuropeanevercould;thatEuropewaspartoftheiridentityandpartoftheirinheritance.,22,CompanyLogo,.TextAnalysis,TextOrganizationPart1(Paras.1-2):WhyIleftAmericaPart2(Paras.3-19):WhatIfoundinEuropeasanAmericanNegrowriterPart3(Paras.20-29):WhatmademegobacktoAmerica,23,CompanyLogo,.TextAnalysis,FurtherUnderstanding1.BaldwinleftAmericabecauseallofthefollowingreasonsexcept_.A.HewasafraidhemightnotabletosurvivethefuryofthecolorproblemB.HesufferedakindofnervousbreakdownthereC.HewantedtofindouthowhisspecialexperienceasaNegrocouldhelptoconnecthimwithotherpeopleinsteadofdividinghimformthem,24,CompanyLogo,.TextAnalysis,2.InBaldwinseyes,Americaismobilesocietyand_.A.nothingisfixedB.alandofunprecedentedopportunitiesandunlimitedpossibilitiesC.theindividualmustfightforhisidentityD.alloftheabove-mentioned3.Itwasin_thatBaldwinrealizedthathewasaverypatrioticAmerican.A.EuropeB.SwitzerlandC.ParisD.America,25,CompanyLogo,4.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.InEurope,theactorandthewaitercanhaveafreerandmoregenuinelyfriendlyrelationshipthantheyarelikelytohaveinAmerica.B.InEurope,everybodythinksthathehasstatusandatthesametime,everyonebecomesuneasyastojustwhathisstatusis.C.BessieSmithsbeautifulsongwouldnothelptoreconcilethewritertobeinganiggerifhestillstayedinAmerica.D.VeryoftenanAmericanwriterhastoleavehisowncountrytoachievehisfirstbreakthroughinadangerous,unendingandunpredictablebattle.,.TextAnalysis,26,CompanyLogo,II.DetailedStudyPara.1,ItisacomplexfatetobeanAmerican:Thefate(lotorfortune)ofbeinganAmericaniscomplicatedandhardtounderstand.Beginninganessaywithaquotationcanlendauthorityandforcetowhatthewriterwantstosay.Buttobeeffective,thequotationmustbeaptandwell-chosenlikethisone.,27,CompanyLogo,Americashistorypropernoun.:EverythingaboutAmerica,whetherinthepastoratpresent,isquitedifferentfromthoseofothercountries.Herhistoryareextraordinaryandunparalleled.Thisdifference,thisuniquenessisdeep,subtleandhardtogetridof.Forthisreason,itishardtodefinethepropernoun“America”standsfor.Peoplekeepongivingnewanddifferentinterpretationstothisword.,28,CompanyLogo,NotevenwemotleyAmericans:Nooneknowsexactlywhattheword“America”reallymeans,noteventhemillionsofAmericanswithdifferentbackground,education,outlook,etc.Motley:havingorbeingcomposedofmanydifferentorclashingelements;heterogeneous,29,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,1.Whydoestheauthorsaytheword“America”remainsanew,almostcompletelyundefinedandextremelycontroversialpropernoun?,30,CompanyLogo,Para.2,IleftAmericaproblemhere.:IleftAmericabecauseIwasafraidthatImightnotbeabletolivethroughallthefuriousstrugglesbroughtaboutbyracialdiscriminationhereinAmerica.,31,CompanyLogo,Iwantedtofindoutfromthem.:Beinganegro,especiallyanegrowriter,Baldwinsexperienceoflifewasspecialordifferentfromthoseofotherpeople.Hewantedtofindoutwhatwayhecouldmakeuseofthisspecialexperiencetobringhimclosertootherpeopleinsteadofdrivingfartherapartfromthem.,32,CompanyLogo,Iwasisolatedabouthim.BaldwinfeelshimselfisolatedfrombothNegroesandwhitesalikebecausehereallybelieveswhatthewhitepeoplesayaboutNegroes.Atbottom:fundamentally;actually;really,33,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,1.WhydidtheauthorleaveAmerica?,34,CompanyLogo,Para.3,TexasG.I.:ATexanenlistedsoldieroftheUSarmedforces.Asymbolofpatriotism.G.I.:originatedinthetermGovernmentIssue(seenote4onpage225),35,CompanyLogo,InmynecessityTexasG.I.Baldwinfounditnecessarytofindouttheconditionsorwaysinwhichhecouldrelatehisexperiencetothatofotherpeople,Negroesandwhites,writersandnon-writers.Inthisprocesshefound,tohissurprise,thathewasaspatrioticanAmericanasanyTexassoldier.,36,CompanyLogo,AndIfoundinParis.ItwasinParisthatBaldwinrealizedthathewasaverypatrioticAmerican.AlltheotherAmericanwritersinParissharedthispatrioticfeeling.,37,CompanyLogo,Likemetheirorigins.ThewhiteAmericanwritershadbeencompletelyseparatedfromtheirEuropeanoriginsasBaldwinwasfromhisAfricanorigins.NowtheywereallAmericans.,38,CompanyLogo,TheywerenomoreIwas.TheywereuneasyanduncomfortableinEuropeasIwas.Athome:comfortable;atease;asifinonesownhome,39,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,1.WhatfeelingdoestheauthorthinkissharedbyeveryAmericaninEurope?,40,CompanyLogo,Para.4,Thefactthatseparateidentities.WhenBaldwinandthewhiteAmericanwritersmetinEuropetheyfeltthefactthatBaldwinwasthedescendentofablackAfricanslaveandtheothersweredescendentsoffreewhiteEuropeansettlerswasnotasimportantasthefactthattheywerealltryingtofindtheirownspecialindividualities.,41,CompanyLogo,Whenwefoundsolong.Whentheyhadfoundtheirseparateidentities,theyseemtosaytoeachothertherewasnolongeranyneedtoharborthefeelingofshameandbitternessthathaddividedtheNegroesandwhitesforsolong.,42,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,Whathaddividedthewhiteandtheblackforsolong?,43,CompanyLogo,Para.5,Anditalsobecameclearourinheritance.Anditalsobecameclearthat,nomatterhowdifferenttheiroriginswere,EuropehadformedboththeblackandwhiteAmericans.ThisfactwaspartoftheidentityandinheritanceoftheNegroandwhiteAmericanwritersalike.,44,CompanyLogo,Para.6,Whenitdid:Whenthisbecamecleartome.“This”referstothefactsmentionedinparagraph5.,45,CompanyLogo,Hispropsunderhim:Metaphor-allthethingsthatgavehimstrengthandcouragetolivehislifearecomparedtoprops,thingstosupportAllthethingshebelievedandhadfaithin,allthethingsthatgavehimstrengthandcouragetolivehislifenowprovedtobemisconceptions,tobewrong.,46,CompanyLogo,SufferedaspeciesSwitzerland:SufferedakindofnervousbreakdownandhadtogotoasanatoriuminthemountainsofSwitzerlandtorecoverandrecuperate.,47,CompanyLogo,Inflight:tryingtoescape,orforget,evadeAlabaster:雪花石膏,48,CompanyLogo,Thereinthatabsolutelyalabasterlandscapeinflight:Inthebeautifulandsnow-whitelandscapeofSwitzerland,IoftenlistenedtothesongssungbytheAmericanNegrosinger,BessieSmith,andwithmytypewriterItriedtowriteraboutthelifethatIfirstexperiencedasachildandwhichformanyyearsIhadtriedveryhardtoforget.,49,CompanyLogo,Armedwith:hereametaphor,comparingtherecordsandtypewritertoweaponshewasgoingtofighthisnervousbreakdown.FromwhichIhadspentsomanyyearsinflight:ametaphor,comparingforgettingsomethingtorunningawayfromsomething,50,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,WhydidtheauthorgotoSwitzerland?,51,CompanyLogo,Para.7,ItwasBessieSmithandfelt:BessieSmith,throughthetoneandrhythmofhersongs(negrofolkmusic),helpedmerememberhowIspokeasachildandthethingsIhadheard,seenandfeltinmychildhood.,52,CompanyLogo,Ihadverydeep:Metaphor.Thingsburieddeeparehardtofindandrecover.BaldwinhadtriedveryhardtoforgethisNegrochildhood.,53,CompanyLogo,Inthesamewatermelon:WatermelonwasanAfricanfruitintroducedintoAmericabytheNegroslaves.BaldwinwastryingtoforgethisNegroorigins.,54,CompanyLogo,InEuropeshe“nigger”:InEurope,thesongsofBessieSmithhelpedmetoacceptmyNegrooriginsandnottobeashamedofit.Reconcile:toinduce(someone)toacceptsomethingdisagreeableNigger:anoffensivetermofcontemptforAmericanNegroes,55,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,InwhatwaydidBessieSmithssongshelptheauthor?,56,CompanyLogo,Para.8,Idontthinkhere:IdontthinkIcouldhaveacceptedinAmericamyNegrostatuswithoutfeelingashamed.,57,CompanyLogo,OnceIwasablehatedAmerica:AsaNegrooccupyingthelowestplaceinAmericansociety,BaldwinhatedAmerica.InEuropewhenhediscoveredhimselftobeapatrioticAmericanwriterandhadaspecialroletoplayintheextraordinarydramaofAmerica,henolongerhatedhiscountry.Drama:metaphor,58,CompanyLogo,TranslatethesentenceintoChinese:一旦我能够接受自己在美国这出不同寻常的戏剧中所扮演的角色应该指出，这个角色有别于我的特殊“地位”我便从仇恨美国的幻觉中摆脱出来。,59,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,WhydidnttheauthorhateAmericaanymoreafterhemovedtoEurope?,60,CompanyLogo,Para.9,ThestoryAmericanwriterthere.ThestoryofwhatcanhappentoanAmericanNegrowritershowssimplyandquitesharplywhatcanhappentoanyAmericanwriterthere.,61,CompanyLogo,Itisnotmeanttoo.ThisdoesnotmeanthatithappenstoallAmericanwriterswhogotoEuropeforEuropecanalsohaveaveryfrustratingordisablingeffect.Cripple:tofrustrate;tomakeunableorunfittoact,functioneffectively,etc.,62,CompanyLogo,Awriter,whenunpredictablebattle:Metaphorscomparingawritersrealizationofselfandidentitytoabreakthrough,acrucialskirmish;andcomparingawriterslifeandtasktoanunpredictablebattle.,63,CompanyLogo,Awriter,whenhediscovershisspecificidentityinEurope,hasonlyjustmanagedtomakeabreakthrough,towinasmallthoughcrucialencounter,inthedangerousandunendingstrugglewhoseoutcomeonecannotyetforesee.Crucialskirmish:asmallencounterbutofdecisiveimportance,64,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,Intheeyeoftheauthor,howcananAmericanwriterusuallymakehisfirstbreakthrough?,65,CompanyLogo,Para.10,TheAmericanwriterapologizingforhimself.InEurope,anAmericanwriterhasnoneedtofindreasonsorexcusestoexplainwhyheisawriter.,66,CompanyLogo,Itisnotuntilhabithasbeen.metaphorInAmerica,awritergetsintothehabitofdisplayinghisstrengthtodefendhimselfortoavoidbeingattacked;andheisalwaystryingtoprovethatheisanordinaryperson,sameasanyotherperson.Thishabitmakeshimunabletoactorfunctioneffectively.HerealizesallthisonlywhenhegetsridofthishabitinEurope.,67,CompanyLogo,Toflexamuscle:totenseamusclebycontraction;toshowstrength,68,CompanyLogo,WhatevertheEuropeansbusinessmen.SimileTheyallexistandarerealandwillneverdisappear.NomatterwhattheEuropeansmayactuallythinkofartists,theyhavekilledoffenoughofthemtoknowbynowthatartistsarerealpeopleandtherewillalwaysbeartistsjustastherewillalwaysberain,snow,taxesandbusinessmen.,69,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,WhatisthefirstdifferencetheauthorfindbetweenEuropeAndtheUSforawriter?,70,CompanyLogo,Para.11,Translatethefirstsentence:Ofcourse当然，在欧洲，每个人的社会功能（比在美国）相对更清晰，原因在于，欧洲社会从来就有清晰的阶级界限，而美国社会从未如此。,71,CompanyLogo,Para.11,AEuropeanwriterallhisfriends.AEuropeanwriterconsidershimselftobeapartofanoldhonorableprofession.Heisamanofletters.Infollowingthisprofessionhedoesntneedtoworrywhetherornothewillloseallhisfriends.Uneasywonder:transferredepithet,72,CompanyLogo,Para.12,Wehaveintellectualeffort.PeopleinAmericahaveaverystrongdistrustofpeopleengagedinrealintellectualworkandthedistrustishardtoremove.,73,CompanyLogo,Wesuspectthatitwilldestroythatmythsodesperately.TheAmericanpeopleareafraidthatreal,honestintellectualworkwillbreakthebubbleoftheAmericandreamontowhichtheyholdtightlywithalltheirstrength.,74,CompanyLogo,AnAmericanwriterfightsoddjobs.Metaphor,comparingtheprofessionofawritertothelowestrungofaladderThewritingprofessionisoneofthelowestprofessionsinAmericansociety,yettheAmericanwritercanremaininthisprofessiononlythroughsheertenacityandbyundertakinganindescribableseriesofoddjobs.,75,CompanyLogo,Bullheadedness:tenacityn.韧性；固执；不屈不挠；黏性,76,CompanyLogo,Heprobablyhasbeenlukewarmbath.MetaphorThewriter,formuchofhisadultlife,hasprobablybeentryingveryhardtoappearandbehavelikeanordinarypersonanditisnoteasyforhimtochangehishabitnow.,77,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,1.WhydoyouthinkthereexistsastrongdistrustofrealintellectualeffortinAmerica?2.IsiteasyforanAmericanwritertofightforhissuccess?,78,CompanyLogo,Para.13,ThoughAmericansocietythanitishere.ThoughinAmericapeoplessocialstatuscanchangemorefreely,yetitiseasierinEuropeforpeopleofdifferentsocialgroupsandoccupationstointermingleandhavesocialintercourse.Mobile:unfixed,79,CompanyLogo,Paradox:astatementthatcontradictsitselfn.悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事Tocutacrosssocialandoccupationallines:tominglewithpeoplefromdifferentsocialstatusandoccupations,80,CompanyLogo,Translatetheabovesentence:不过，我们必须考虑一个相当严重的矛盾现象：尽管美国社会提供给人们改变社会地位的机会比欧洲多，但在欧洲，人们却更容易跨越社会和职业的界限。,81,CompanyLogo,Questionsfordiscussion,1.WhatistheseconddifferencetheauthorhasfoundbetweenEuropeandAmerica?,82,CompanyLo