英语写作lecture4revised1ppt课件VIP

.,1,Lecture4,Diction,.,2,Outline,1.LevelofWords2.MeaningofWords3.GeneralWordsandSpecificWords4.Idioms5.FifuresofSpeech6.DictioninCET6,.,3,1.Levelofwords,按文体分,词一般可分为俚语slang、口语colloquial、一般性词汇common、正式用词formal,另外还有专业术语scholarly、古词语literary等。大学英语阶段的学生习作应多用一般性词汇,即词的共核(commoncore),尽量少用口语和正式用词(又称书卷语),避免使用俚语、行话和隐语。不同类型的词语混用,将造成词的“脱格”(incompatibility)。例如，,.,4,例1、Boy,ImsopoopedfromworkingandIamtooimpecunioustogotothedance.例2、Hewassohardupthenandoftenhadtoworktillhefeltfatigued.分析：句1中的boy(朋友),pooped(筋疲力尽)是口语词,用于熟人间的非正式谈话中,impecunious(贫穷)又是极为正式的书面用语;句2中的hardup(贫穷)亦为口语词,fatigue(筋疲力尽)为书面语。翻译：哥们,我都累蔫了。我生活拮据,舞厅不敢问津。他当时穷光蛋一个；必须努力工作直至精疲力竭。,.,5,slang(俚语）,英语俚语(slang)属非标准英语(nonstandardEnglish),日常交谈和通俗文艺作品中大量使用。我们大学英语的课文中时常出现这类词汇,尤其是小说或剧本的节选中。这使文章读起来生动有力,情节显得贴近生活,文中人物显得栩栩如生,说话人的身份和社会地位得到充分表现。大学英语写作应避免使用俚语。学生除课本之外通过许多途径(如:网络,电影等)掌握了一些俚语(有的可能并没有意识到属于俚语),一旦用于习作中就会出现文体上的用词错误。如：,.,6,Eg.MymotherkickedthebucketwhenIwastwoyearsold.Eg.Theconventionwasheldinacomfyatmosphereandanagreementwasreachedastothefeasibilityofconstructingarailroadwiththelocalfunds.Eg.ThewinneroftheNoblePrizehadoncebeenacopbeforehehadinterestinchemistry.分析：俚语kickthebucket意为:“死”,可译为“蹬腿了”。谁也不会说自己的母亲蹬腿了。comfy意为:舒服的,可译为“可人的,滋润的”。讨论用地方资金修建铁路的政府部门的正式会议在一个“可人的”氛围中进行,这句话读起来有点荒谬。cop意为警察,可译为“条子”。诺贝尔奖获得者表现出对化学有兴趣之前曾是个“条子”,读起来同样荒谬。,.,7,常见的俚语如:kid,kiddy小孩,pumpkinhead傻瓜;nope不;buck美元;pokey监狱;hotchick姑娘;biggun要人,大人物;kickthebucket死掉;buyit相信;nolaughingmatter非同小可hatesomebodysguts对某人恨之入骨;guy/boy/man家伙,小伙子,朋友;popthequestion求婚tietheknot结婚athousandtimesno!绝对不行Dontpushme!别逼我！Itsuptoyou!看你的了，由你来决定了。Luckydogs幸运儿,.,8,Colloquial(口语）,有些词语称作口语词语(colloquialism),包括单词和口语习语(colloquialidioms)。它们主要用于日常口语,非正式文体中。Eg.Ihaventheardfromyouforages.我很长时间没有你的消息了。Eg.Thekidissosmart.这孩子真聪明.Eg.Iguessyouhaveheapsofworktodothisweekend.我想你周末有很多事要做.,.,9,我们在议论文、说明文的写作中应避免用这样的口语词语,而应用普通词语,即词的共核.上三句可替换为下面斜体部分。Ihaventheardfromherforalongtime.Heworkedsohardthosedaysbecausehehadsixchildrenatschool,buthewashappybecausetheywereallveryintelligent.Ibelievehewillnotacceptourinvitation,forhehasmuchworktodothisweekend.,.,10,常见的口语词语如:amazing不可思议的,惊人的;terrific极大的,极度的,非常的;awfully非常,很,了不得;pal伙伴,好友;punk废话,胡言乱语;pants裤子;date约会(男女间);约会对象;dig苦干,苦学;dorm宿舍;fridge冰箱;catchon理解;feelcheap觉得身体不舒服;callitaday收工;thatdepends要看情况而定;downandout穷困潦倒;goDutch各人付自己的钱;abadegg坏家伙,坏蛋;apieceofcake易如反掌;deadeasy太容易了mindyou注意;以及缩略形式Im,Wed等等。,.,11,CommonWords一般用语,英语中的绝大多数词语属一般用(generalwords),它们可用于多种文体,出现的频率最高。我们在学习过程中应注意多掌握这些词语,把它们运用到我们的写作中。大学英语教学大纲的词表中基本都属于这一类。,.,12,FormalWords（书面用语）,书面语,又称作书卷词语(literarywords或learnedwords)，或bigwords.这类词主要用于正式的或郑重的写作场合,如学术性的著作或演讲,政治和法律文件,以及谈判用语等。特点：含有三个或以上音节希腊或拉丁词根很少在日常谈话中使用,.,13,“IpraythatourheavenlyFathermayassuagetheanguishofyourbereavement,andleaveyouonlythecherishedmemoryofthelovedandlost,andthesolemnpridethatmustbeyourstohavelaidsocostlyasacrificeuponthealtaroffreedom.我祈求我们的天父减轻您的丧子之痛,使您只怀有对于已故亲人的美好回忆和庄严的自豪感,您有这种自豪感是理所当然的,因为您在自由的祭坛上献出了代价如此昂贵的牺牲。”这是林肯总统给烈士母亲比克斯比夫人慰问信中的一句话。比克斯比夫人的五个儿子都在南北战争中光荣牺牲。句中用了文体正式程度很高的词.,.,14,2.MeaningofWords,要做到在写作中表达准确，必须注意词的两种意义，即：基本意义（denotation)和引申意义（connotation).前者指词语本身或固有的意义，后者指词语在一定搭配或上下文中出现的其他意义，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。（Awordsdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.),.,15,country,nation,state,land,Countryreferstoanareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernment;Nationemphasizesthepeopleofacountry;Statereferstothegovernmentorpoliticalorganizationofacountry;Landislessprecisebutmoreliteraryandemotivethancountry.,.,16,词的感情色彩指的是这个词是用做褒义词还是贬义词。英语中很多词汇,或单用作褒义词,或单用作贬义词,还有的词既可用作褒义词又可用作贬义词.1.politician和statesman,前者是贬义词,常指政治上耍手腕钻营投机的人,因此我们常把这个词译为“政客”;而英语中针对汉语的“政治家”的词是statesman,这个词是正面的,用作褒义词.2.backward社会服务的具体表现形式则为part-timejob,volunteers等。因而，在应试中遇到不会表达的单词，考虑用其上义词或下义词来代替。,.,46,2.词的搭配在写作中，任何一个完整的句子几乎都离不开正确的措词，尤其是选择正确的搭配。掌握正确的搭配，会使英语的使用更加地道，意义简洁，交流形式多样。如有的同学把学习知识翻译成learnknowledge，但在英语里Learn本身就含有obtainknowledge的意思，在英语里knowledge不和Learn搭配，但和表示得到含义的动词，如get,gain,acquire,obtain,possess等搭配，也和broaden,enrich,widen,extend,improve等搭配。同样，英语里knowledge也不能用teach,如Hetaughtmealotofknowledge是不正确的，应该是Hehelpedmegainalotofknowledge,或者说Hehelpedmeenrich/improvemyknowledgealot或Hetaughtmealot.英语母语的人更多地使用技能skill,视野horizon,知识insight,智慧wisdom,视角perspective和深度intellectualdepth而不是knowledge。,.,47,a.要特别避免“中国式英语”。建议：没有在原版材料读过的东西就不要在作文中使用，自己创造出的东西往往是中国式英语。“小心台阶Payattentiontothesteps!MindtheSteps!“小心落入水中”Carefullyfallintothewater!Caution!有外教问学生“Doyouhaveacomputerinyourdorm?”没想到该生却高声回答到“Have!”,.,48,b.不要试图把中国人的习惯表达、比喻以及一些有中国特色的词语翻译成英语Wearetheflowersofourcountry.知识结构knowledgestructureManyChineseeducatorsareseekingtodesignawell-rounded(morebalanced)curriculum.all-aroundstudents,studentswithall-aroundabilities/competence精神文明spiritualcivilizationvalue物质文明economicprogress,materialwealth文明商店civilizedstore开化之意，与wild/barbaric相对举止得体，有礼貌civil,gracious同一种事物，中西方因文化差异表达各有不同黄色书刊bluebooks/pornographicbooks/pornography绿帽子cheaton/haveanaffairwith害群之马blacksheep一次性筷子throwawaychopsticks一次性用品disposablegoods水货smuggledgoods言情小说romanticfiction;sentimentalnovel,.,49,汉语同一个词对应英语中不同的词naturalenvironment自然环境culturalcircumstance文化环境comfortablesurroundings舒适环境personalhygiene个人卫生publichealth公共卫生environmentalsanitation环境卫生lawawareness法律意识competitivespirit竞争意识religiousconsciousness宗教意识governmentrevenue国税customsduties关税incometax所得税英语同一个词对应汉语中不同的词scholarship奖学金，治学的方法，学者风范，学术成就,.,50,c.在翻译成语和习语的时候一定要找到权威的翻译版本如有的同学想当然地把“龙生龙，凤生凤，老鼠生儿会打洞”直译成dragonborndragon,phoenixbornphoenix,amousessoncanmakeholes.英语中对应的表达应该是likefather,likeson.再如“路遥知马力日久见人心”就应该意译成Afriendisneverknowntillneeded.,.,51,写作中常见的问题,有些同学没有掌握一些基本的、常见的词语或表达法，而不得不用一些啰嗦的、麻烦的表达甚至句子来代替，费力不讨好。没有将recognizablevocabulary转化成workingvocabulary。,.,52,Eg.Viewn.DifferentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonViewv.Peopleview.differently.,.,53,Eg.Noquestion毫无疑问incommonwith有共同点particulars具体情况realpeopleandrealstories真人真事,.,54,particulars细节（eg.Salariesbonusesbenefits)highlight突出Eg.Mymanagementexperienceservestohighlightmydeficiencies,particularlyinAccounting.Myresumeservestohighlightmystress.,.,55,impress征服，打动Eg.Suchresearchpracticesbasedonscientificprinciplesimpressedme.中国学生常用leaveadeepimpressionleaveagoodimpression,.,56,landthejob找到工作中国学生常用findajobgetajob,.,57,unwind放松中国学生常用relaxtoreste.g.Theclubisagreatplacetogetfitandunwind.,.,58,atonesdisposal自由支配中国学生用canfreelyuse免费使用manupulate操纵Eg.Ihaveresourcesatmydisposal.Iputmyselfatmydisposal.,.,59,jeopardize（putsomethingatrisk)v.危害Smokingjeopardizesyourhealth.中国学生常用threatendangerousdoharmto,.,60,setoutto准备做Manygraduatingstudentssetouttochangethesocietyaroundthem,butendupbeingchangedbyit.中国学生常用decidedto;determinedto,.,61,applyto应用中国学生常用beusedinToapplyclassroomknowledgetorealproblems.Thissayingappliestoeverydaylife.Thebosssaidthecompanyrulesdidnotapplytohim.,.,62,avenue渠道，办法Teachingoverinternetopenedupanewavenueforlearning.中国学生常用way,method,.,63,well-rounded全面的，多才多艺的Myabilitytointeractwellwith,andacquiresupportfrom,individualsandgroupsdemonstratemywell-roundedandsociablenature.我能与人交流，得到他们的帮助，说明我能力全面，善于交流。,.,64,Whetherornot中国学生whetherTheRomansbelievedthatgarlicgaveapersonstrengthandcourage.Whetherornotthesoldiersfightanybetterbecauseoftheirgarliceating,however,isunknown.Whetherornoteighteen-year-oldsshouldbeallowedtovotewasindebateforalongtime.,.,65,shrinkfrom逃避，躲避（责任）Heshrinkfromlookingatherorfromspeakingtoheragain.中国学生常用escape,.,66,acombinationof合成，组成Acombinationofthreefabricsisbeingchosentodecoratearoom.mix,.,67,exposure经历，经验ThevisittoChinagivesthemexposuretoChineseculture.到中国的旅游是他们有机会接触到中国文化。Part-timejobgivesmeanexposureoutsidethecampusenvironment.中国学生用：experiencesocialexperience,.,68,component组成部分Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemajorcomponentofMars?中国学生用part,.,69,allow(tomakepossible)使得.可能发生，允许Oneofthefivefactorsallowtheaccidentoccur.Aseatbeltthatallowsdrivergreatfreedomofmovement.一个可以是驾驶员有更大活动空间的安全带Theseopportunitiesallowthemtomakegreatcontributiontosociety.中国学生用：let,make,.,70,qualityn.人的品格，素质Leadershipisthespecialqualitywhichenablespeopletostandupandpulltherestofusoverthehorizon.领导能力是一种特殊的素质：他能使民众屹立不倒，他能引导其他人超越现有的境界。ThereisnoqualityIwouldratherhave,andbethoughttohave,thangratitude.,.,71,qualityadj.有质量的Theypromisedstudentswouldreceivequalityeducation.Spendaqualitytimewithyourfamily.,.,72,prospect前途，前景Jobprospectsforundergraduatesdontlookgood.Cspects(常用复数）前途，前景中国学生用prospective有可能的，预期的Prospectivebuyercandidatescustomeremployerinvestor,.,73,leisure闲暇时间，业余时间Theleisureindustryisanimportantpartofeconomy.Travelisagoodwaytospendonesleisuretime.中国学生用：resttimefreetimesparetime,.,74,学生最爱用的几个词good,bad,terrible,somethingSportsaredefinitelygoodformentalhealth.Travelerscanmeetwithpeoplefromotherpartsoftheworldandmaydevelopagoodrelationship.Travelersareabletomakefriendswithpeopleallovertheworld.Astudentshouldreadwidely.However,notallbooksaregood.Somebookscontainadultmaterials.Notallbooksareappropriate.Somefakegoodsarebadforpeopleshealth.Fakegoodscanbedangeroustooneshealth.,.,75,Leadingasedentarylifeisreallyterribleforourphysicalhealth.Asedentarylifestyleisdetrimental/harmfultooneshealth.Nowadays,thecityhasalotofproblems,terribletraffic,pollutedair,toomuchnoises,etc.Today,manycitiessufferfromtrafficcongestionandairandnoisepollution.Itmeansthatpeoplecanmastersomethingperfectlybypracticingit.Themeaningisthatwithconstantpractice,youcanmasterwhatyousetoutto.Whenyouwanttostudysomethingmoredeeply,youneedtoselectthebooksthatmayhelpyoumuch.Whenyouwanttostudyacertainsubject,youshouldselectbooksonthissubject.,.,76,注意：1.不能用类似下列的句子结束作文，Ok,thisiswhatIwanttosay;Thatsmyopinion;Doyouagreewithme?Thatsall,thankyou.等等。会使文章显得不伦不类。2.尽量避免使用的一些表达，generallyspeaking,asfarasIamconcerned,inaword,Ithink.,.,77,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicLookingForwardtotheNewCentury.Youcompositionshouldbebasedonyouranswerstothefollowingquestions:新世纪科技发展的前景如何？新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？新的科学技术会带来什么问题？你怎样对待新世纪的挑战？,.,78,Differentbooksa