Unit4 A view of Mountains

Unit4,Watchthemovieclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.Questionsfordiscussion,1.WhydidSallyRegenhardsaythat9/11was“ashatteringoffaith”?,Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement1,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,Shebelievedinthesystem,andnowthatthesystemwasshatteredbytheterroristactivity,soshethoughttheeventisfaith-shattering.,3000peoplewerekilled.Andthesurvivingfamilymembershadveryrighttoknowthetruthaboutthe9/11.Sothereneededtobeaninvestigation.,2.WhydidCarolAshleythinkthattheremustbeaninvestigation?,Whatdoyouknowaboutthe9/11attacksandwhatinfluenceshavetheeventsexert?,Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement2,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement3,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,FromOnNativeSoil,Policeman:Policeman:EuniceHanson:SallyRegenhard:CarolAshley:MaxCleland:,Moveback!Moveback!Moveit!Goback!Iknewwehadenemies,naturally,butIalwaysfeltprettysafehere.Inever,never,inamillionyearsdreamedthatanythinglikethiscouldhappentous.Webelievedinthesystemandyouknow,9/11wasashatteringoffaith.3000peoplewerekilled.Itwasamassmurder.Andthereneededtobeaninvestigation.Thesurvivingfamilymembers,nobodycandenythattheyhadtheultimateclaimtothetruthabout9/11.,VideoScript,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,AtomicbomborA-bombisaweaponderivingitsexplosiveforcefromthereleaseofatomicenergythroughthefission(splitting)ofheavynuclei.ThefirstatomicbombwasproducedatalaboratoryinLosAlamos,NewMexico,andsuccessfullytestedonJuly16,1945.ThiswastheculminationofalargeU.S.armyprogramthatwaspartoftheManhattanProject.Itbeganin1940,twoyearsaftertheGermanscientistsOttoHahnandFritzStrassmandiscoverednuclearfission.,Culturalbackground1,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,AtomicBomb,Culturalbackground2,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,OnAug.6,1945,anatomicbombwasdroppedonHiroshimawithanestimatedequivalentexplosiveforceof12,500tonsofTNT,followedthreedayslaterbyasecond,morepowerful,bombonNagasaki.Bothbombscausedwidespreaddeath,injury,anddestruction,andthereisstillconsiderabledebateabouttheneedtohaveusedthem.,Culturalbackground3,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,Nuclearweaponsareweaponsofmassdestructionpoweredbyatomic,ratherthanchemical,processes.Nuclearweaponsproducelargeexplosionsandhazardousradioactivebyproductsbymeansofeithernuclearfissionornuclearfusion.AfterWorldWarII,theproliferationofnuclearweaponsbecameanincreasingcauseofconcernthroughouttheworld.Attheendofthe20thcentury,thevastmajorityofsuchweaponswereheldbytheUnitedStatesandtheformerSovietUnion;othercountriesthatpossessknownnuclearcapabilitiesaretheGreatBritain,France,China,Pakistan,andIndia.Israelalsohas,NuclearWeapon,Culturalbackground4,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,nuclearweaponsbuthasnotconfirmedthatfactpublicly;NorthKoreahasconductedanucleartestexplosionbutprobablydoesnothaveareadilydeliverablenuclearweapon;andSouthAfricaformerlyhadasmallarsenal.Overadozenothercountriescan,orsooncould,makenuclearweapons.,Culturalbackground5,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,OnAugust6,1945,thefirstatomicbombattackoccurredoverHiroshima,Japan.Threedayslater,onAugust9,Nagasaki,Japan,wasbombed.ThebombingofNagasakiwasthelastmajoractofWorldWarIIandwithindays,onAugust15,1945,theJapanesesurrendered.Inestimatingthedeathtollfromtheattacks,thereareseveralfactorsthatmakeitdifficulttoarriveatreliablefigures:inadequaciesintherecordsgiventheconfusionofthetimes,themanyvictimswhodiedmonthsoryearsafterthebombingasaresultofradiationexposure,andnotleast,thepressureto,TheBombingofHiroshimaandNagasaki,Culturalbackground6,Audiovisualsupplement,culturalbackground,eitherexaggerateorminimizethenumbers,dependinguponpoliticalagenda.Thatsaid,itisestimatedthatbyDecember1945,asmanyas140,000haddiedinHiroshimabythebombanditsassociatedeffects.InNagasaki,roughly74,000peoplediedofthebombanditsaftereffects.Inbothcities,mostofthecasualtieswerecivilians.TheintentionalkillingofciviliansbytheAlliesofWorldWarIIwhoclaimedthattheircausewasjustraisedmoralquestionsaboutthejustcourseofthewar.,GlobalReading-general,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,ThroughintroducingYamahataspictures,theauthoraimsatbringingtopeoplesattentionwhatkindofcatastrophicconsequencesnuclearthreatmayleadtoandthattheunpredictabilityofnuclearattackmightmakeanycityintheworldbecomethenexttarget.Therefore,theonlywaytokeepthisworldsafefromnuclearperilisforpeopletotakeactiontodispelnuclearweaponryfromtheearth.,Rhetoricalfeatures,GlobalReading-structural1,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,ThisargumentativeessaydescribesnucleardestructionthroughaJapanesephotographerspictures.Thetextcomprisesthreeparts.,PartI,(Paragraph1):Thewriterdescribesthephotographsandhowaviewofmountainsinthebackgroundofonepicturepowerfullycaptureshowthoroughlythecitywasdestroyedbytheatomicbomb.,Rhetoricalfeatures,GlobalReadingstructural2,PartII,(Paragraphs23):TheauthorarguesthatthebombingofNagasakiismorerepresentativeofthenuclearperilthreateningtheworldthanthatofHiroshima,becauseitsuggeststhatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagainandthreateneveryone,soweneedtotakeactiontodispelthenuclearthreatfromtheEarth.,PartIII,(Paragraph4):Herestateshismainidea,i.e.weshouldnotjustworryaboutthenuclearperilbuttakeactiontoeliminateittocreateasaferworld.,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,GlobalReading-rhetorical1,InEnglish,informationcanbeorganizedinvariousways.Oneoftheeffectivewaysofemphasizingsomeinformationistoputitafterthewordbutinthe“(not)AbutB”structure.Inthetext,theauthorusesthisrhetoricaldevicemanytimes.Forinstance,Thephotographsdisplaythefateofasinglecity,buttheirmeaningisuniversal.(Paragraph2)Practice:Pickoutsomeothersentenceswiththesamestructureandanalyzetheeffecttheyachieve.,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,Globalreading-rhetorical2,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,1)Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.(Paragraph1)2)thechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenuclearperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall.(Paragraph3)3)oneshowingnotwhatwewouldlosethroughourfailurebutwhatwewouldgainbyoursuccess.(Paragraph3),Apartfromthe“AbutB”sentencestructure,wecanalsofindthe“AyetB”type:,Andwecanfindasentencethatorganizesinformationinasimilarwaywithouttheuseoftheconjunction“but”or“yet”:6)Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.(Paragraph2),Globalreading-rhetorical3,4)NagasakihasalwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima.YetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.(Paragraph2)5)Yamahataspicturesaffordaglimpseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday,.(Paragraph3),Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,OnAugust9,1945,thedaytheatomicbombwasdroppedonNagasaki,YosukeYamahata,aphotographerservingintheJapanesearmy,wasdispatchedtothedestroyedcity.Thehundredorsopictureshetookthenextdayconstitutethefullestphotographicrecordofnucleardestructioninexistence.Hiroshima,destroyedthreedaysearlier,hadlargelyescapedthecameraslensinthefirstdayafterthebombing.ItwasthereforelefttoYamahatatorecord,methodicallyand,asithappens,withagreatandsimpleartistrytheeffectsonahumanpopulationofanuclearweapononlyhoursafter,JonathanSchell,AVIEWOFMOUNTAINS,Detailedreading1,Detailedreading,1,Detailedreading2,ithadbeenused.SomeofYamahataspicturesshowcorpsescharredinthepeculiarwayinwhichanuclearfireballcharsitsvictims.Theyhavebeenburnedbylighttechnicallyspeaking,bythe“thermalpulse”andtheirbodiesareoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes,whosecolorsabsorblightindifferentdegrees.Onephotographshowsahorsetwistedunderthecartithadbeenpulling.Anothershowsaheapofsomethingthatoncehadbeenahumanbeinghangingoveraledgeintoaditch.Athirdshowsagirlwhohassomehowsurvivedunwoundedstandingintheopenmouthofabombshelter,Detailedreading,Detailedreading3,andsmilinganunearthlysmile,shockinguswiththesightofordinarylife,whichotherwiseseemstohavebeenleftbehindforgoodinthesceneswearewitnessing.Stretchingintothedistanceonallsidesarefieldsofrubbledottedwithfires,and,inthebackground,aviewofmountains.Wecanseethemountainsbecausethecityisgone.Thatabsence,evenmorethanwreckage,containstheheartofthematter.Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.,Detailedreading,Detailedreading4,IttookafewsecondsfortheUnitedStatestodestroyNagasakiwiththeworldssecondatomicbomb,butittookfiftyyearsforYamahataspicturesoftheeventtomakethejourneybackfromNagasakitotheUnitedStates.Theywereshownforthefirsttimeinthiscountryin1995,attheInternationalCenterforPhotographyinNewYork.Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.Thephotographsdisplaythefateofasinglecity,buttheirmeaningisuniversal,since,inourageofnucleararms,whathappenedtoNagasakican,inaflash,happentoanycityintheworld.Inthephotographs,Nagasakicomesintoitsown.NagasakihasalwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima,asif,Detailedreading,2,Detailedreading5,Detailedreading,thehumanimaginationhadstumbledtoexhaustioninthewreckageofthefirstruinedcitywithoutreachingeventheoutskirtsofthesecond.YetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.Itisproofthat,havingonceusednuclearweapons,wecanusethemagain.Itintroducestheideaofaseriestheseriesthat,withtensofthousandsofnuclearweaponsremaininginexistence,continuestothreateneveryone.(Theunpredictable,open-endedcharacteroftheseriesissuggestedbythefactthatthesecondbomboriginallywastobedroppedonthecityofKokura,whichwassparedNagasakisfateonlybecausebadweather,Detailedreading6,Detailedreading,protecteditfromview.)Eachpicturethereforeseemednotsomuchanimageofsomethingthathappenedahalf-centuryagoasawindowcutintothewallofthephotographycentershowingwhatsooncouldeasilyhappentoNewYork.Wherevertheexhibitmighttravel,moreover,theviewofthreatenedfuturefromthese“windows”wouldberoughlyaccurate,since,althougheveryintactcityisdifferentfromeveryother,allcitiesthatsuffernucleardestructionwilllookmuchthesame.,Detailedreading7,Detailedreading,Yamahataspicturesaffordaglimpseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday,whenthechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenuclearperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall,weseemtoneed,inaddition,someotherpicturetocounterpoiseagainstruinedNagasakioneshowingnotwhatwewouldlosethroughourfailurebutwhatwewouldgainbyoursuccess.Whatmightthatpicturebe,though?Howdoyoushowtheoppositeoftheendoftheworld?ShoulditbeNagasaki,intactandalive,beforethebombwasdroppedorperhapsthesparedcityofKokura?,3,Detailedreading8,Detailedreading,Shoulditbeachild,oramotherandchild,orperhapstheEarthitself?Noneseemsadequate,forhowcanwegiveadefiniteformtothatwhichcanassumeinfiniteforms,namely,thelivesofallhumanbeings,nowandinthefuture?Imagination,facedwitheithertheendoftheworldoritscontinuation,mustremainincomplete.Onlyactioncansatisfy.,Detailedreading9,Detailedreading,Once,thearrivalintheworldofnewgenerationstookcareofitself.Now,theycancomeintoexistenceonlyif,throughanactoffaithandcollectivewill,weensuretheirrighttoexist.Performingthatactisthegreatestoftheresponsibilitiesofthegenerationsnowalive.Thegiftoftimeisthegiftoflife,forever,ifweknowhowtoreceiveit.,4,Whyisaviewofmountainsprovidedbyapicturesosignificantthatitwaschosenasthetitleoftheessay?,Detailedreading1-Quesion1,Aviewofmountainsinthedistanceratherthanthewreckageismeanttoremindtheviewerofthecitythatwasleveledtothegroundbytheatomicbombandofthenormallifethatwouldhavebeengoingonthere.Thisiswherethesignificanceofthepicturelies.,Detailedreading,Detailedreading1-Quesion2,Detailedreading,WhyareYamahataspicturesstillnews?,BecauseitwasthefirsttimethatAmericanshadeverseenthepicturessincetheatomicbombingfiftyyearsago.,Detailedreading1-Quesion3,Detailedreading,Inwhatway(s)isthebombingofNagasakithefittersymbolofthenucleardanger?,ThebombingofNagasakiisregardedasthefittersymbolofthenuclearperilintworespects.First,itisevidencethatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagaintodestroyhumancivilization.Second,thefactthatNagasakihadnotbeentheoriginallychosentargetofthenuclearattackshowstheunpredictabilityofpossiblenuclearattacksinthefuture.Thatis,everycityintheworldisliabletonucleardestruction.,Detailedreading1-Quesion4,Detailedreading,WhatistheuniversalmeaningofYamahatasphotos?,Theywereintendedtodemonstratethedevastatingpowerofnuclearweaponsandexpressanapprehensionofthenuclearperilmenacingtheworld.,Detailedreading1-Quesion5,Detailedreading,DoYamahataspicturesfullyexpresstheauthorsintentionofwriting?Whyorwhynot?,No,itonlyexpressespartofit,becausethewriterintendsnotonlytoexpresshisapprehensionofthenuclearthreatbut,moreimportantly,tocallonthepeopletotakeactionstobanishforevernuclearweaponryfromtheEarth.,Detailedreading1Activity1,Detailedreading,GroupdiscussionDoyoufindtheInternetusefulinyourlife?WhatadvantagesdoestheInternetbringtoyou?ArethereanydisadvantagesoftheInternet?ShareyouropinionsabouttheprosandconsoftheInternetwithyourgroupmates.,dispatch:v.sendsb./sth.somewhere,especiallyforaspecialpurpose,Detailedreading1dispatch,e.g.,Eventheairforcewasmobilizedtodispatchrelieftothequake-strickenarea.Thegovernmentwaspreparingtodispatch4,000soldierstosearchtheisland.,Detailedreading,ColoredpeopleconstituteamajorityofthepopulationinWesternCape.,_,Detailedreading1constitute,Detailedreading,constitute:v.a.linkingverb,notinprogressivebeconsideredtobesth.,Failingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreachoftheemploymentcontract.Nitrogenconstitutes78%oftheearthsatmosphere.,e.g.,b.ifseveralpeopleorthingsconstitutesth.,theyarethepartsthatformit,Wemustredefinewhatconstitutesafamily.Itisuptotheteachertodecidewhatconstitutessatisfactorywork.,e.g.,Translation:,西海角省（WesternCape）的大部分居民是有色人种。,Detailedreading2brand1,Detailedreading,brand:v.labelormarkwithorasifwithabrandtodescribesb.orsth.asaverybadtypeofpersonorthing,oftenunfairly,Theybrandedthecattleonebyone.TheUSadministrationrecentlybrandedhimasawarcriminal.,e.g.,Collocation:,brandsb.assth.brandsth.withsth.(ofteninpassive),Note:,brand:n.atypeofproductmadebyaparticularcompany,Detailedreading2brand2,Detailedreading,Translation:,我很高兴地告诉您，你们的“永久”牌自行车已成为我方市场上最畅销的商品之一。,Iamgladtotellyouthatyour“Forever”bicyclehasbecomeoneofthebestsellingbrandsonourmarket.,_,Detailedreading3witness1,Detailedreading,witness:v.see,hear,orknowbypersonalpresenceandperception,e.g.,Onlyonepersonwitnessedtheaccident.TheHuangpuRiverhaswitnessedthedevelopmentofShanghai.,Note:,witness:n.apersonwhoseessth.happenandisabletodescribeittootherpeople,Translation:,警方呼吁这个事故的目击者出来作证。,Policehaveappealedforwitnessestotheaccident.,_,Detailedreading3witness2,Detailedreading,e.g.,Wewerewitnesstotheworstperiodintheclubshistory.,e.g.,Bristolsgrandbuildingsbearwitnesstothecitysmagnificentpast.,bewitnesstosth.:(formal)seesth.happenbearwitnesstosth.:(formal)showthatsth.existsorexisted,Collocation:,Detailedreading3dot,Detailedreading,dot:v.coverorsprinklewithorasifwithdots,e.g.,Thecountrysideisdottedwithbeautifulancientchurches.Wehaveofficesdottedallovertheregion.,Note:,dot:n.asmallroundmark,especiallyonethatisprinted,onthedot:exactlyontimeorattheexacttimementioned,Collocation:,e.g.,Breakfastisservedat8onthedot.8点整开早饭。,Detailedreading4comeintoonesown,Detailedreading,comeintoonesown:acquire,enterintopossessionof;becomeverygood,useful,orimportantinaparticularsituation,e.g.,Theserialcomposershavefinallycomeintotheirown.Onicyroads,afour-wheeldrivevehiclereallycomesintoitsown.,Detailedreading4intheshadowof1,Detailedreading,e.g.,Tomwasagoodlawyer,buthewasalwaysintheshadowofhisfamousfather.Livingintheshadowofaglamoroussister,Hildawasquietandshy.,intheshadowof:,intheshadowofsb.:receivinglittleattentionbecausesb.elseisbetterknownormoreskillful,e.g.,ThechildrenofthesurvivorslivedtheirlivesintheshadowoftheHolocaust.Theorganizationistryingtoprotectcivilrightsintheshadowofterrorism.,intheshadowofsth.:influencedbysth.badthathashappenedorcouldhappen,Detailedreading4intheshadow2,Detailedreading,e.g.,TheeventsofSeptember11castashadowoverthecelebrations.,castashadowover/onsth.:makesth.seemlessenjoyable,attractive,orimpressive,Detailedreading5stumble,Detailedreading,stumble:v.walkorgounsteadily,e.g.,TheroomwasdarkandStannearlyfelloverachairashestumbledtothephone.Havingdrunkhalfabottleofwhiskey,Istumbledupstairsandintobed.,Detailedreading5ruin,Detailedreading,ruin:v.devastate;reducetotheremains,e.g.,Therainabsolutelyruinedourbarbecue.Ifthepressshouldfindoutaboutthis,hismarriage,hisreputation,andhiscareerwouldallberuined.,Detailedreading5hangover,Detailedreading,hangover:Ifsth.badishangingoveryou,youareworriedoranxiousaboutit.,e.g.,Thethreatofnuclearwarhangsovermankind.Withthecourtcasehangingoverus,wecouldntenjoyourvacation.,Extension:,hangout(with),e.g.,Idontreallyknowwhoshehangsoutwith.Wheredotheyoungstershangout?,Detailedreading5spare1,Detailedreading,spare:v.refrainfromharming,punishingorkilling,e.g.,Iwantedtosparethemthetroubleofbuyingmeapresent.Thankfullyshehadbeensparedtheordealofsurgery.,Collocation:,sparesb.thetrouble/difficulty/pain,etc.(ofdoingsth.):preventsb.fromhavingtoexperiencesth.difficultorunpleasant,e.g.,Itwillsparehimembarrassmentifyouspeaktohimaboutitinprivate.Spareusthesuspenseandtelluswhowonthefirstprize!,Detailedreading5spare2,Detailedreading,e.g.,Emergencyserviceshavespar