专四语法解(虚拟语气)PPT课件.ppt

1,.,虚拟语气,2,.,1.主从句谓语动词的时态,(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:,3,.,真题举例：,1.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_quitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.（00,49）A.werentB.hasntbeenC.hadntbeenD.wouldntbeC,4,.,Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_mucheasiertolearn.(09,52)A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeenB_forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(02,60）A.HaditnotbeenB.HadntitbeenC.WasitnotD.WereitnotA,5,.,(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反),6,.,真题举例：,1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_muchbetterresultsnow.(08,52)A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldgetD2._ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?(04,54)A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.WouldyouhavebeensurprisedA,7,.,(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实),8,.,真题举例：,1.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.（07,60）A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhaveC,9,.,2.名词性从句的虚拟形式,从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,propose,prefer,urge,vote。,10,.,(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,surprised。如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.,11,.,真题举例：,1.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam_hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.(07,65)A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continuesC2.Itisimperativethatthegovernment_moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(06.59)A.attractsB.shallattractC.attractD.hastoattractC,12,.,3.Itisimperativethatstudents_theirtermpapersontime.(o4,56）A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedinA4.Itisnecessarythathe_theassignmentwithoutdelay.(10,60)A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandinA,13,.,5.Iamsurprised_thiscityisadullplacetolivein.(2006,57)A.thatyoushouldthinkB.bywhatyouarethinkingC.thatyouwouldthinkD.withwhatyouwerethinkingA,14,.,(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagnersmostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.,15,.,真题举例,Heleftordersthatnothing_toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.(97,43)A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbeA,16,.,Iwish+that用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：,17,.,18,.,IwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一样高。Hewishedhehadntsaidthat.他希望他没讲那样的话。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。,19,.,3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式,含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesntknowwhatshappened;otherwisehewouldnthavemadesuchastupidremark.Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseIdhavetakenmuchlonger.,20,.,(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：Butforyourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.（94年）Thestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.Withoutyourtimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.,21,.,(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidnt.,22,.,真题举例：,1.You_Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(00,48)A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttellA2.Arentyoutired?I_youhaddoneenoughfortoday.(09,61)A.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethoughtA,23,.,3.You_Markanything.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(98,52)A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttellA,24,.,4.常用虚拟形式的句型,(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsupposehadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposingIfonlyItis(high)timethat(从句中动词只用过去式),25,.,Iwouldratherhavecoffeethantea.-Johnwantstoseeyoutoday.-Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.Idratheryouhadnttoldmeaboutit.Idjustassoonworkathomeandnothavethehassleofthesubwayeverymorning.IwouldjustassoonyoudidntdrivethecarwhileImgone.,26,.,(2)Ifitwerenotfor(与现在事实相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded._forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(02,60）A.HaditnotbeenB.HadntitbeenC.WasitnotD.WereitnotA,27,.,(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.,28,.,Lest的用法,Lestconj.用于fear,beafraid之后,等于that所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词以免；生怕；唯恐例子：Becarefullestyoufallfromthattree.要当心,以免从树上摔下来。Iwasafraidlesthemightcometoolate.我怕他来得太晚。lest的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动词原形”或省掉should。forfearthat和incase从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。incase+主语+动词可跟在陈述句或命令句后面：lest除在较正式的书面英语中出现外，一般不常用。Iobeyedherlestsheshouldbeangry.我得顺着她，免得她生气。,29,.,让步状语从句中的虚拟语气,Though,if,evenif,eventhough,whatever,however,grantedthat等连接代词或副词引导的让步状语从句中可以使用虚拟语气，但是主句一般用直陈语气。Eg:Howeverdangerousitmightbe,Iwouldhaveatry.Wewontchangeourplaneveniftherumorbetrue.,30,.,（2）在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever，wherever，however，nomatterwh-word等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：may+动词原形（指现在或将来）。如：Wewillfinishitontimenomatterwhat/whatevermayhappen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。Wewillfindhimwherever/nomatterwherehemaybe.无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。,31,.,may+完成式（指过去），主句结构不限。如：Youmustntbeproudwhatever/nomatterwhatgreatprogressyoumayhavemade.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲（）。Wemustrespecthimnomatterwhat/whatevermistakeshemayhavemade.不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。,32,.,（3）在though，although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为should+动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although/Thoughheshouldoftenbelate，heisagoodstudent.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although/Thoughheshouldbesecretary，hemustobeytherules.尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。,33,.,Though和as的区别,1、as引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装也可以不倒装。如：虽然很晚了，但我们还是继续工作。正：Lateasthoughitwas,westillwentonworking.正：ThoughAlthoughitwaslate,westillwentonworking.误：Latealthoughitwas,westillwentonworking.误：Asitwaslate,westillwentonworking.,34,.,2、though可以放在主句后面，用逗号隔开，as不可以。Strangethoughitmaysound,Iwaspleaseditwasover.=Iwaspleaseditwasover，strangethoughitmaysound.,35,.,(5)whetheror有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.,36,.,3、在“开放式条件句”(通常表示一个极可能发生的事情)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。如：、Ifanypersonbeguiltyofacrime,thecourtshallhavetherighttoappeal.(任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)Beanypersonguiltyofacrime,thecourtshallhavetherighttoappeal.,37,.,、Whethersheberightorwrong,shewillhavemysupport.(不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)Besherightorwrong,shewillhavemysupport.注意：如果条件从句为否定式，要将not置于主语之后，而不置于主语之前。例如：要不是我亲眼所见，我都不会相信了。误：HadntIseenitwithmyowneyes,Iwouldnothavebelievedit.正：HadInotseenitwithmyowneyes,Iwouldnothavebelievedit.,38,.,wouldrather(than)的用法,一、wouldrather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为drather，表示优先选择的一种方式其否定形式是wouldrathernotdosth。wouldrather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用wouldrather。,39,.,“wouldrather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用hadrather。would(had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。例：Ifyoudratherbealone,wellallleavehere.如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。Hedratherworkinthecountryside.他宁可到农村去工作。,40,.,二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿而不愿，与其宁可”的意思时，则可用wouldratherthan或wouldratherthan的句型例：IwouldratherwatchTVathomethangotothecinema.我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。Thechildrenwouldwalkthereratherthantakeabus.孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。,41,.,请注意:1）wouldratherthan/wouldratherthan也可以颠倒为：ratherthanwould。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than后的动词可以省略。例:Iwouldratherhavenoodlesthanrice.我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。Ratherthanworkinsuchbadcondition,hewouldgiveup.与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。,42,.,2)使用wouldratherthan句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。例:Iwouldrathergotoworkbybikethanbybus.我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。Iwouldrathertalkwithhismotherthanwithhisfather.我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。,43,.,三、在疑问句式中，wouldrather与wouldratherthan中的would要放在主语之前例Wouldyouratherstayhereorgohome?你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？Whichwouldyouratherhave,applesorbananas?你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？Wouldyouratherreadanovelthanreadapoem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？,44,.,四、wouldrather/sooner和prefer/wouldprefer的区别:wouldrather和wouldsooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是wouldrather。例:Tomwouldrather/soonerreadthantalk汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。Tomprefersreadingtotalking汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。,45,.,请注意:1）wouldrather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词。例:Hepreferswinetobeer=Hewouldratherdrinkwinethanbeer他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。Iprefertennistogolf=Idratherplaytennisthangolf我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。,46,.,2）某些prefer+名词的情况不能用wouldrather完全确切地表达出来：例：Heprefersdogstocats（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和Hewouldratherhavedogsthancats（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。,47,.,3）wouldrather+不带to的不定式有时可代替wouldprefer+带to的不定式。例：Idratherflythangobysea=Idprefertofly我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样：例：Wouldyoulikesomegin？Idpreferacoffee=Idratherhavecoffeethangin您想喝点杜松子酒吗？我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。,48,.,4）wouldrather/sooner和wouldprefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。例：WewentbyseabutIdrather