英文写作词语的运用ppt课件

.,1,Chapter2,UsingProperWords,.,2,英语有多少词汇？,英语词汇量今年有望突破百万大关2006年04月14日22:00新华网新华网伦敦4月14日电据此间媒体14日报道，截至今年3月21日，英语词汇量已接近99万个。按目前的增加速度，到今年中期词汇量有望突破百万大关。牛津英语词典四十万韦伯斯特大词典近一百万莎士比亚的词汇量-众说纷纭，一般估计在15000-25000，同时创造词汇1700个。教学大纲要求英语四级的词汇量4200个英语六级的词汇量5500个,.,3,汉语有多少词汇？,新华字典含繁体、异体）11，100个左右康熙字典所收汉字47，000多个汉语大字典所收汉字56，000个看报纸大概有个三、四千就够红楼梦73万余字，词汇量4，503个资治通鉴词汇量6，500个,.,4,词汇量与写作英语写作多少词汇量才满足表达？当然是词汇量越大越便于表达。大学英语要求掌握单词4200个左右。但我们常常抱怨单词量不够而影响表达。这是为什么？因为我们拥有的很多是消极词汇（识别词汇），而不是积极词汇（产出词汇）。,.,5,消极词汇指的是那些我们的理解多数只停留在汉语理解水平上的词汇，我们对它们还没有达到应用的程度。这些接受性的词汇应用起来不自由，在写作中有明显的汉语直译痕迹。一般来说，写作时是尽量使用积极词汇的，只有当积极词汇不够用时，才选用消极词汇。所以语言水平越低，词汇复现率越高。,.,6,有研究表明，词汇量的缺乏是外语写作中最大的困难，而产出性词汇量（积极词汇量）对英语写作能力的直接影响最大。例如，想表达“我很危险”这个意思，如果产出词汇只有bedangerous，不会beindanger就会把意思给弄错了：Iwasverydangerous.Iwasingreatdanger.(dangerousadj.abletoorlikelytocausedanger:adrug/animal/criminal),.,7,怎样扩大积极词汇量？1、在学习单词时，不只是背孤立的中文意思，应该认真体会其单词搭配、变化、色彩等语言环境。2、阅读英语时不能只追求看懂就行了。好的表达不管有多简单，只要自己不会，就要多加注意，牢记在心。,.,8,在使用词汇时，我们往往会误用一些词，但并不全错。只是不准确、不地道、不恰当、或者不生动有趣。我们认为学习者用词方面最大的障碍，就是学习过的词用不好。用词是否得体、准确是英语写作最基本的技能。这就是为什么要学习用词基本知识。,.,9,ClassificationofEnglishwords;Choiceofwords;Synonyms;Gooddictionaries.,学习目标,.,10,ClassificationofEnglishWords,Byorigin:nativewordsappropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingandspeechE.g.:Therepeatedtelephonecallsonlyannoyedmebutmademysisterveryangry.,.,13,Formaljolly(very);cool(verygood);hot(angry;fast);deal(agreement);damn(very);neat(nice),.,18,Jargon行话,.,19,Dialectal(方言),.,20,idiom成语,方言,习惯用语Aspeechformoranexpressionofagivenlanguagethatispeculiartoitselfgrammaticallyorcannotbeunderstoodfromtheindividualmeaningsofitselements成语，习语：因语法结构特殊或无法拆开而只能依据其组成成份来解释的语言形式或某种固定的语言表达方法，例如聚精会神,.,21,习惯用语（idioms），简称习语，惯用语，是种固定的表达法，所以又叫做setphrases,其真正意思往往不同于其组成部分的每个单词（其实也有规律可循，限于篇幅，以后另文介绍）俚语（slang）具有很大的不确定性：它是一种非正式的习语，同一句俚语往往因为地区、职业的不同，而产生不同的意义。以rock为例，海员，水手之间常用ontherocks来表示船“触礁”；而在酒吧、酒徒之间则用rocks来指饮用的冰块，所以所有含酒精的饮料（除啤酒外）如果ontherocks,就是要在酒中添加冰块的意思。俚语还有可能随着时间的消失而被废弃不用或是被新的俚语所取代。只有被大多数人所接受的俚语，才演变成习语。比如上面说的ontherocks现在多用来比喻“处于困境”之类的意思。由此可见，在国人花了大量时间才把英语学得马马虎虎的今天，只要多掌握习语就够了，没必要把时间浪费在俚语上。,习语习惯用语俚语口头用语，通常较粗俗,.,22,.,23,.,24,Whilethereisalife,thereishope.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.天助自助者Constantdroppingwearsthestone.滴水穿石Misfortunesnevercomealone.祸不单行,.,25,Godadviceisbeyondallprice忠告是无价宝Itsnevertoolatetomend.亡羊补牢，犹未晚也Ifathingisworthdoing，itisworthdoingwell.如果事情值得做，就值得做好。,.,26,abigfishinasmallpond小地方的大人物例句：Inherhometown,shewasabigfishinasmallpond，butaftershemovedtoNewYork,shewasjustonlyoneamongmanymillions.在她家乡，她很了不起。可是搬到纽约后，她就不过是芸芸众生之一了。asclearasmud不清晰，混乱例句：Yourexplanationisasclearasmud.你的解释一点都不清晰。assoftasdown柔软如绒毛例句：Ilayfastasleeponthecouch,whichwasassoftasdown,anddidnotwakeuntillateinthemorning.我在软如绒毛般的长沙发椅上睡着了，一直睡到早晨很晚才醒来。,.,27,beatit叫人“走开”的口语，和“Beoff!差不多，不过比后者更流行。例句：Hekeptonbotheringme,soItoldhimtobeatit.他不停地烦我，因此我叫他走开。beatonesbrains(out)指做事困难，伤透了脑筋例句：Ibeatmybrains(out)togetajob.为了找寻工作，我伤透了脑筋。behindbars坐牢例句：Thejudgewillputhimbehindbarsforatleasttwoyears.法官最低限度也会判他坐两年牢。,.,28,eatlikeabird胃口小，吃的少例句：Lilyisveryslimbacausesheeatslikeabird.百合十分苗条，因为她吃的少。forgood永远例句：smokelesseveryday,thenyoumightbeabletoquitsmokingforgood.每天少吸烟一点，你就可能会永远戒掉烟。getfired炒鱿鱼例句：TheanchormanoftheBBCnetworkseveningnewsgotfired.我听说CBC电视网的晚间新闻主播被炒鱿鱼。getonesgoat使人发怒或厌恶例句：ItreallygotMr.Brownsgoatwhenhehadtowaittwohourstogethisplanetickets.不得不等上两个小时才拿到飞机票实在是让布朗先生生气。getoutofthebedonthewrongside指平时脾气好的人突然变得很暴躁，难以相处例句：Whatsthematterwithyoutoday?Haveyougotoutofthebedonthewrongside.你今天怎么啦？为什么乱发脾气？guts勇气美国人习惯用的口语，英国人则多用courage。,.,29,正式的（formal）学术性词汇一般的（common）常用词口语的（colloquial）不用于正式文章用词得体就是明白不同的文体应该使用不同的词语，就如人们在不同的场合应该穿戴不同的服饰一样。,.,30,高级英语进修者不仅应该学习和掌握一般性词语的用法，同时对正式的、学术性词语也要给予足够的关注。注：俚语（slang）和方言（dialectal）一般不用于论文写作。i.e.Onhearingthathisfatherhadkickedthebucket,wewrotehimalettertoexpressoursympathies.(notreallysympatheticintone)SwitchtoChinese.,.,31,词的正式级别程度的比较,askquestioninterrogatetimeageepochrisemountascend第一个词来自盎格鲁萨克逊，后两个来自法语或拉丁语。历史上，有好几种语言曾经对英语的发展有着重要的影响，特别是法语和拉丁语。,.,32,拉丁语作为欧洲的共同语言，以及科学和政治上的学术语言，其使用超过了千年。拉丁语语源词汇在英语中很多，通常在更加正式的讲话和文章中，比如法庭发言，或者编写百科全书使用，因而使得使用这些词汇的人显得更加优雅和更有教养。,.,33,另外，词组动词在口语体中用得较多，而单词动词则多用于正式语体。例如：词组动词单词动词putoffpostponecoverupconcealcomeacrossencountertakepartinparticipatecutdownreducebreakupdisintegrate,.,34,还有，抽象名词短语和形容词短语比对应动词较为正式：抽象名词短语对应动词makeacontributioncontributegiveconsiderationtoconsidertheapplicationofapply形容词短语对应动词beforgetfulofforgetbeenviousofenvy(嫉妒)becontemptuousofcontempt(轻蔑),.,35,练习1：你认识这些较为正式英语词语吗？英语本族词语是什么？,profounddeepapproximatelyaboutaccommodationroominquireask,.,36,cautioncarecorporal*bodysufficientenoughcommencebeginidenticalsimilar,.,37,练习2：这些英语本族词语,它们较为正式的英语词语是什么？,helpaidputplacewethumidchangetransform,.,38,innerinteriorcarryconveybuypurchaseuseemploy/utilizehavepossess,.,39,练习3：以下是一封求职信的开头，你认为用词合适吗？怎么修改？,ImsendingyouthisletterbecauseIwantyoutomeetwithmeandgivemesomeinfoaboutthejobyoudo.,.,40,正如说话者要根据听众和谈话的场合来确定所使用的语言的正式程度一样，我们在写作时也需要根据不同情况选择适当的语气和用词。以上是一封求职信中的话，使用的want,info都是口语中的常用词汇，显然有些太随便。修改如下比较合适：,Imwritingtoinquireaboutthepossibilityofaninterview.,.,41,本节小结：英语词汇有正式语体和一般语体之分。正式语体的词语能使文体严谨庄重！,.,42,FiveLayersofWritingStyle,thefrozenstyle（非常拘谨的文体）theformalstyle（正式的文体）themoderatestyle（温和的文体）thecolloquialstyle（随意的文体）theintimatestyle（亲昵的文体）E.g.:1.Ihatetoaskyou,butIwaswonderingif.2.Iwaswonderingifyoucould.3.Iwonderedifyoucould.4.Canyouhelpme?5.Ineedyourhelp.,.,43,Compare,A.Herhusbandisascientist.(general)Herhusbandisabiochemist.(specific)B.Theweatherinwinteristerrible.(general)Theweatherinwinteriscoldandmoist.(specific)C.Hehasabighouse.(general)Hehasatwo-storeyedhousewithfourbedrooms,twolivingrooms,adiningroomandakitchen.(specific),.,44,Specificity,“specific”istheoppositeof“general”.Wordsaresaidtobespecificwhentheyrefertoindividualpersons,objects,orevents.,mansion,villa,chateau,cottage,bungalow,cabin,hut,shack,shanty,shed,barn,house,chuckle,guffaw,giggle,roar,smile,grin,beam,laugh,physicist,chemist,biologist,mathematician,scientist,huge,great,large,vast,immense,enormous,tremendous,big,tiger,horse,fox,cat,mouse,insect,animal,Specific,General,.,45,Sincemanywordsarepolysemousratherthanmonosemous,awordmayhavedifferentsynonymsforitsdifferentmeanings.E.g.:boss,asin“theheadofthecompany”talentasin“hehasagoodheadformaths”headmind,imaginationasin“useoneshead”lifeasin“itcosthimhishead”frontasin“headlight(车头灯,前灯)”,“headwind(逆风)”,.,46,GuidelinesaboutDiction,Usecommonorinformalwordsforgeneralpurposes;useformalandnonstandardwordsonlyonspecialoccasionsforspecialpurposesUsespecificandconcretewordswhengivingdetails;usegeneralorabstractwordswhenmakingsummariesUseidiomaticexpressionsandwordsinacceptablecollocations;avoidunidiomaticcombinationsWhenthereresynonyms,choosethewordthatexpressesthemeaningmostexactlyandthatsuitsthecontentandstyle,.,47,Synonyms,Synonymsrefertowordsthataresimilarindenotationbutusuallydifferinconnotative,stylisticoraffectivemeaning.Sosynonymsaremerelyrelativebutnotabsolute.denotation:femaleparentmotherconnotation:love,warmth,tenderness,etc.(differsfrompersontoperson),.,48,A.DifferentinDegreeofaGivenQualityorinShadeofMeaning(语义色彩),smalltinydiminutiveminutemicroscopicinfinitesimalangerhenceittraditionallyinspiresaweandfear.E.g.:“thewrathofthegods”,.,49,refuseimpliesarefusaltohaveanythingtodowithapersonorthing.E.g.:“thosewhoacceptedtheofferandthosewhorejectedit”,.,50,country,nation,stateb)state-ownedenterprises.land:lessprecisebutmoreliteraryandemotivethan“country”.E.g.:Chinaismynativeland.,.,51,B.DifferentinAffective/EmotiveMeaning,Appreciative/Favorable(purrwords)littlethrifty/frugalbraveryfirmintellectualblackslenderstatesmanconfidence,Derogatory/Unfavorable(snarlwords)smallniggardly/miserlyfoolhardiness(愚勇，有勇无谋)pigheaded/stubbornegghead(书呆子)nigger/negro(黑鬼)skinnypoliticiancomplacency,.,52,C.DifferentinStylisticMeaning,tochide(literary)toberate(formal)toscold(neutral)toblame(neutral)tocarpet(colloquial,esp.BrE)totelloff(colloquial)tobawlout(AmE,slang),man(neutral)chap(colloquial)fellow(colloquial)bird(colloquial;aperson,esp.onewhoisoddorremarkable)guy(slang)bozo(AmE.Slang,尤指四肢发达,头脑简单的大汉)gent(vulgarorjocular),.,53,D.DifferentinCollocation&Distribution,girlchildflowergardencolorvillagecottage,boymancartableovercoatairliner(客机)house,a)pretty&handsome(sharethedenotation“good-looking”),pretty,handsome,.,54,b)aflockof,aherdof,ashoalof,aswarmof,aprideof,atroopof&apackof“一群”,aflockofsheepaherdofelephants/cowsashoaloffishaswarmofbeesaprideoflionsatroopofmonkeysapackofwolves,.,55,Canyoudistinguishthefollowinggroupsofsynonyms?,country,nation,state&land国家retire,gotobed&hitthesack睡famous¬orious出名courage&rashness勇气because,as,for&since因为alive,living&live活的voice,sound&noise声音besides,except&exceptfor除了alone&lonely孤独的take,bring&fetch拿on,over&above在上面beneath,under&below在下面,ForGroups5-12,pleasereferto“常见同义词辨析”online.,.,56,Canyoufind10differentsynonymsof“get”for10differentsensesinthefollowingconversation?,A:Lookatthispresent!Ivejustgot(1)fromDad.B:Butyourbirthdaywaslastweek.A:Yes,butitonlygot(2)heretoday.YouseeDadsbeenpoorly,hegot(3)flu.B:Whatsthepresent?A:Itsatransistor.WaittillIgot(4)itoutofthebox.Ohyes!Iwonderhowmanystationswecanget(5)onit.B:Whatsthatholefor?Idontgot(6)it.A:Thatswhereitplugsin.Letsseeifwecanget(7)ittowork.Whatafunnynoise!B:Itsgetting(8)worse.Turnitoff.Youllhavetoget(9)adifferentplugorsomething.A:Illtryandfixitwhileyouget(10)thesupper.,(1).got=received,(2).got=arrived,(3).got=caught,(4).got=took,(5).get=hear,(6).got=understand,(7).get=make,(8).getting=becoming,(9).get=buy,(10).get=prepare,.,57,Dictionaries,Itisagoodhabittokeepadictionaryhandywhilewriting.Refertodictionarieswhileindoubtaboutthemeaning,implication,division,usageorcollocationofawordoranexpression.BetterusedictionarieswithEnglishdefinitionsandexplanations.Adictionaryentryshowsthepartorpar