如何做定性研究 Qualitative research

.,QualitativeResearch13thofMarch,.,QualitativeResearch,“Youcanlearnalotjustbywatching”,.,MAKINGSENSEOFOTHERSREALITY,.,THEINTERPRETIVEPARADIGM,Theinterpretiveapproacharguesthatresearchshouldexplore“sociallymeaningfulactionthroughthedirectdetailedobservationofpeopleinnaturalsettingsinordertoarriveatunderstandingsandinterpretationsofhowpeoplecreateandmaintaintheirsocialworlds”(Neuman,1997:68).Weuse“methodsthattrytodescribeandinterpretpeoplesfeelingsandexperiencesinhumantermsratherthanthroughquantificationandmeasurement”(TerreBlanchewife/husband,Therapist/disabled,etc.,.,QualitativeResearchGoals,Meaning:howpeopleseetheworldContext:theworldinwhichpeopleactProcess:whatactionsandactivitiespeopledoReasoning:whypeopleactandbehavethewaytheydo,Maxwell,2005,.,PhasesinQualitativeResearch,ConceptualizeandplanstudyUseliterature,formulatestudypurposeorquestion,identifystudysite,settingswhere/howdatacollectionwilloccur,participantsandentretosetting,Startstudywithconcurrentdatacollectionandanalysis.Analysisfocusedonidentifyingthemesandcategories-similaritiesindata.Questionorpurposemayemergeandberefined.Datacollectionstrategiesmaychange,Samplinganddatacollectiondeterminedbytheoreticalsaturation.Analysisbasedonnarrativedescription,Goal:Accesstheparticipantsworldtokeepyoufocusedsilenceandpatiencebalancedwithkeepingtheinterviewgoingredirectlong-windedtangentsbacktoyourlineoffocus,.,AftertheInterview:WritinguptheInterviewand,SummaryandnotesofmainpointsVerbatimtranscripts(dontletthempileup)IdeastentativepiecesofanalysisMethodologicaldifficultiesPersonalemotionalexperienceRespondingtointervieweerequests;emotionalissues?,.,TheThree-InterviewSeries(Seidman,1998),InterviewOne:LifeHistoryInterviewTwo:DetailsoftheExperienceInterviewThree:ReflectionontheMeaning,.,DataCollectionMethods:In-depthInterviews,SomestudiescannotemploytheparticipantobservationmethodE.g.,DesrochessstudyofbankrobbersIn-depthinterviewsallowparticipantstodescribetheirexperiencesandthemeaningofeventstakingplaceintheirlivesVerbatimquotescapturethelanguageandmeaningexpressedbyparticipantsInterviewsareflexibleandallowforprobingInterviewmethodisquitediverse,adaptive,.,In-depthInterviews(contd),SpradleythreekeyelementsfortheinterviewmethodtobesuccessfulExplicitpurposeresearcherandinformantareawarethatthediscussionhasapurposeEthnographicexplanationsresearchertriesoutexplanationsontheparticipantstoseeiftheymakesenseEncouragetheinformantstousecolloquiallanguage,andteachtheresearcheritsmeaning,.,In-depthInterviews(contd),Ethnographicquestionsinclude:Descriptivequestionsaskparticipantstodescribetheirexperiences(e.g.,theirideas,circumstances,viewpoints,dilemmas,etc)Structuralquestionsaskparticipantshowtheyorganizetheirworld(e.g.,activities)ContrastquestionsaskparticipantswhatismeantbyspecificterminologyPrus&Grillsstressthevalueoftheinterviewmethodinamulti-methodapproach,.,DataCollectionMethods:FocusGroupInterviews,Interviewformat,butinagroupsetting6-12participantswithcommonexperienceDatesbacktothe1940susedtoassesseffectivenessofmorale-boostingradioshows1970sonwardusedbymarketresearchers1980sonwardusedbyacademicsTranscriptofdiscussionisthedataPlusaccompanyingnotesUsecontentanalysisorgroundedtheoryapproachtoanalyzethedata,.,FocusGroupInterviews(contd),Strengths:Open-endedquestionSpontaneouslydealwithissuesastheyariseCost-effectivemethodofcollectingdataLesstime-consumingWeaknesses:OneortwoparticipantsmaydominateNotdoneinanaturalsetting,solittle“observation”tohelpunderstandtheexperienceoftheparticipants,.,TelephoneInterviews,Advantages:Comboofface-to-facepersonalqualitywithimpersonalself-administeredquestionnairesInexpensiveandconvenient(maybe)Safeforinterviewers,.,TelephoneInterviews,cont.,Disadvantages:Changingdemographicsmorecellphones?MaymisscertainpopulationsegmentsSurveymustbeshortorpeoplewillhangup“NoCallLists”presentingincreasingchallenge,.,Methodtoenhancethevalidity&reliabilityofqualitativeresearchEnhancesaccuracyofinterpretationConfirmsthatthedatacollectedisnotduetochanceorcircum-stances,QualitativeResearchMethods:Triangulation,.,CollectdatafrommultiplesourcesCollectdatainmultiplewaysfromsubjectsCollectdifferentkindsofdatainmultiplewaysfrommultiplesubjects,Forexample:Mayinterviewteachers,principals&parentsMayinterview&observestudentsMayreviewstudentrecords,interviewteachers,observestudents,QualitativeResearchMethods:Triangulation,.,QualitativeResearchMethods:Triangulation,.,MixingMethods/Qual-quant,Threepurposes(Sandelowski):TriangulationconvergentvalidationComplementarityclarify,explain,elaborateDevelopmentguideadditionaldatacollection,.,Resources(Kuh&Andreas,1991),RecordingdevicesTranscribingequipmentSoftwarepackagesforanalyzingMemberchecksparticipantsSpaceTime,.,TheDataGenerallycollectedintheformoffieldnotes,diariesaudio&videotapes,copiesofdocuments,narrativedescriptions,AnalysisSomeformofanalysisusuallytakesplaceatthesametimedataisbeingcollectedResearcherseekstoidentifypatternsortrends,QualitativeResearch:DataAnalysis,.,Qualitativedatamaybeanalyzedbya3-partstrategy:reducingthedatacodingthedatasynthesizingthedata,QualitativeResearch:DataAnalysis,.,Readandre-readdata,becomeengrossedinit.Identifythemes:common,conflicting,minorityTestthemesacrossth