英汉语言对比全套PPT课件

ContrastivestudybetweenChineseandEnglishinGrammar,1,.,1.Whatisgrammar,Itreferstoadescriptionofthestructureofalanguageandthewayinwhichlinguisticunitssuchaswordsandphrasesarecombinedtoproducesentencesinalanguage.Itconsistsoftwobranches:morphologyandsyntax.,2,.,Morphologycomprisestwoparts:inflectionalmorphologyandderivationalmorphology.Inflectionalmorphologyisconcernedwithmorphologicalvariationsthatresultfromgrammaticalneeds.Derivationalmorphologyisconcernedwithmorphologicalvariationsameansofword-building.,3,.,2.Morphologicalcontrastivestudy,Contrastiveanalysisonthelevelofinflectionalmorphologyislargelyamatterofconstrastingthedevicesdifferentlanguagesemploytotransmitgrammaticalmeanings.Thesedevicesareusuallyknownas“grammaticalcategories”,whichincludeaspect,tense,case,gender,mood,person,classofword(partsofspeech),4,.,1)AspectinEnglishandChinese,InEnglishtheaspectualmeaningisrealizedbyresortingtoauxiliarywordsandverbconjugation.Eg.TheyarewatchingTVnow.(progressive)Hehasfinishedhishomework.(perfect)WhileinChinese,therearesomeparticleslike着、正在、了、过，usedtoindicateaspect.Eg.,5,.,1.progressiveaspect他正等着呢，快点。她正在看电视。2.perfectaspect我写完作业了。我去过伦敦，还去过纽约。,6,.,2）tenseinEnglishandChinese,InEnglish,tenses,likeaspect,arerealizedbyresortingtoauxiliarywordsandverbconjugation.Whenaspectscombinewithtense,eg.Whenprogressivecombineswithtense,thepastprogressive,presentprogressiveandfutureprogressiveresult.,7,.,AsChinesedoesnothavethegrammaticalcategoryoftense,thetemporalnotionsindicatedbyEnglishtensesarelexicalizedinChinese.Thelexicalwordsusedaremainlyadverbslike那时，昨天，上周，去年，etc.,sometimestogetherwith曾经，过etc.toindicatethepasttense;明天，下周，明年，要etc.toindicatefuturetense;已经，一直etc.tosignalperfecttense.Forexample:,8,.,(1)那时他正要锁门。Hewasgoingtolockthedoorthen.（2）她昨天买了一辆车。Sheboughtthecaryesterday.（3）John曾经因违章停车被罚过100美元。Johnwasoncefined100dollarsformisplacinghiscar.（4）我要去买东西。Imgoingtogoshopping.（5）他明早会演奏这支曲子。Hewillbeplayingthetonetomorrowmorning.（6）他已经得了三次一等奖。Hehasalreadywonthefirstprizeforthreetimes.（7）五岁以来，他一直在学钢琴。Hehasbeenlearningpianosinceshewasfive.,9,.,3.CaseinEnglishandChinese,InEnglish,therearenominativecaselikeI,we,you,he,they,objectivecaselikeme,us,you,her,him,andpossessivecaselikemy,our,your,her,hisandtheirandnominalpronounlikemine,ours,yours,hers,his,andtheirs.WhileinChinese,thereisnosuchinflectionofcasepronoun.Itisthewordorderthatdeterminesifanounornounphrasesisthenominativecaseortheobjectivecaseorpossessivecase.Eg.:,10,.,Shelikesreading.她喜欢读书Everybodylikesher.人人都喜欢她。thisisherbook.这是她的书。,11,.,Thedifferenceoftenpresentsproblemsforbeginners,sometimeseventheintermediatelearnerschoosethewrongformswhichresultinmistakesintheirwritingorspeaking.Eg.Marydoesntlike*he,sodo*me(him,I);tomysurprise,hehasfinisheda*daywork.(adays),12,.,4.GenderinEnglishandChinese,Generallyspeaking,bothEnglishandChinesedonthavewordinflectionsindicatingparticularmasculineorfeminineofathing.However,afewEnglishwordscanbeusedasaspecificreferencetoamasculineorafeminine.Eg.,13,.,ActoractressWaiterwaitressHosthostessHeroheroineWhileinChinese,thereisnosuchsuffixtodenotegender.Oftentheprefix男or女isaddedtoshowmasculineorfeminine.,14,.,5.MoodinEnglishandChinese,MoodinEnglish1)subjunctivemoodsuggestingdoubt,condition,orasituationcontrarytothefactisrealizedbyresortingtoauxiliarieswiththeconjugationofverbsinsentences.Eg.A.ifIwereyou,Iwouldapplyforthejob.B.IfIhadfinishedmyhomeworkearlier,Iwouldhavegonewithyoutothetheatre.,15,.,C.itsimportant(necessary,strange,impossible)thatsb.shoulddosth.D.hesuggests(orders,recommends,requires,insists)thatsb.shoulddosth.E.Iwishthathecouldcome.,16,.,2)moodofadvice,permission,necessity,guessing,possibility,prediction,request,conditionandobligeisexpressedbyusingthemodalverbslikemay,might,can,could,should,would,must,oughtto.eg.,17,.,A.Thehuntershavebeenlostfordays.Theycouldstarve!B.MayIhavealookatyourpictures?C.Whengoingbyairplane,youshouldarriveattheairportatleastonehourearlier.D.AmanlandedonMars?Youmustbejoking.Thatcantbetrue.Imperativemoodoftenindicatescommands.Eg.Lookoutwhencrossingthestreet.Readoutloudplease.,18,.,2.MoodinChinese,InChinese,emotionalparticleslike“啦”,”吧”,“呀”,“啊”,“嘛”,“呢”,“哪”plusintonationareusedtoexpressdifferentkindsofmood.1）啦他早回来了！Hecamebackmuchearliertoday.他不来啦？Hedidntcome,didhe?,19,.,2）吧你再想想吧！Pleasethinkitover!他恐怕不知道真相吧！Imafraidhedoesntknowthetruth.,20,.,信还没写完吧？Youhaventfinishedtheletter,haveyou?3）呀快说呀！Pleasetellus,bequick!这样做才对呀！Thisistheexactwaytodothings.哎呀！下雨啦。Oh!Itsraining.谁呀？Whoisit?,21,.,4）啊多美的花啊！Howbeautifultheseflowersare!你可要细心啊！becareful!5）嘛不能怕难嘛。Dontbeafraidofthedifficulties,OK?我不想去嘛。Ireallydontwanttogo,shallInotgo?6）呗你不会开车就学呗。Youcantdrive?Well,learnto.,22,.,7）呢作业还没完成呢。Ihaventfinishedmyhomeworkyet.你不信才怪呢。Imsureyoubelieveit.你怎么能这么粗心呢？Howcanyoubesocareless?8）哪加油干哪！Speedup!/Comeon!,23,.,Emotionalparticles,isauniquecharacteristicsofChineselanguagewhichisabsentinEnglish,soinEnglishlanguage,intonationisoftenemployedtoexpresssuchmood.Besidesemotionalparticles,moodofadvice,permission,necessity,guessing,possibility,prediction,request,conditionandobligeisalsoexpressedbyusingthemodalverbslike可以，可能，必须，应该etc.Eg.,24,.,1)她可能会生气。(guessing)Shemustbeveryangry.2）你应该尽早完成作业。(request)Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkassoonaspossible.3）你可以打开窗子。(permission)Youcanopenthewindownow.4）你必须对此负责。(reproaching)Youmustberesponsibleforit.,25,.,PersoninEnglishandChinese,EnglishandChinesearealmostthesameinthisaspectexceptthatifathirdpersonsingularusedassubjectinEnglish,themainverbshouldconjugatetoagreewithit,whichisnotthecaseinChinese.Forexample:Theylikeplayingbasketball.他们喜欢打篮球。Helikesplayingbasketball.他喜欢打篮球。,26,.,PartofspeechinEnglishandChinese,Todividewordsintoclassesisamethodofanalyzinglanguage.Wordsaregroupedasdifferentclasses(usu.calledpartsofspeech)accordingtotheirpropertiesandthewaytheyfunctioninsentences.,27,.,Wordscanbedividedintonotionwords(fullwords/lexicalwords)andformwords(functionwords/structuralwords/emptywords/grammaticalwords)inbothEnglishandChinese.,28,.,Notionwordsincludenouns,pronouns,adjectives,numerals,verbs,adverbs,whilefunctionalwordsincludeprepositions,conjunctions,interjectionsandauxiliarywords.ThedifferencehereisthatthereisnoarticleinChineseandtherearenoauxiliaryparticlesinEnglish.,29,.,1.noun,Nounsindicatethenamesofpeopleorthings,theycanbefurtherdividedintothreesub-sorts:propernouns(e.g.Beijing),commonnouns(desk)andabstractnouns(thought,imagination).,30,.,InEnglishallthecountablenounshavepluralformswiththegeneralendings(excepttheirregularforms);whileinChinesethenounsneverchangetheirforms.PluralformsinChineseareoftenrealizedbyaddingnumeralsbeforenouns.E.g.许多树(manytrees),三本书(threebooks),两只山羊(twogoats).ProblemscausedbythedifferencesforChineselearnerscanbedemonstratedasfollows:,31,.,1）Tom,willyouplayoutside?Thereisnotenoughroomsforyouhere.2)Morethanoneforeignlanguagearetaughtinthisschool.3)Inordertobuyaniceshoes,hewenttoseveralshoesstores.4)Flyspreaddisease,soweshouldthinkofwaystogetridofthem.,32,.,Inaddition,manynounsinEnglishareidentifiablebythefactthattheysharederivationssuchasness(darkness),-ty(cruelty),-ity(purity),-tion(collection),-ation(appreciation),-ship(hardship),etc.Nounoftenservesassubject,object,appositiveinEnglishsentences,whilenounservesnotonlyassubject,object,appositiveinChinese,butalsopredicate,attributiveaswell.,33,.,2.adjective,Adjectiveswhichdescribenounsshowthequalityofpeopleorthings.InEnglish,adjectiveshavecomparativedegreeandsuperlativedegree,e.g.fast,faster,andfastest.Andthetwodegreesdependonthesuffixchangesofthewordstoberealized.WhileinChinese,比/比较/较(comparativedegree)，最(superlativedegree)isoftenusedinfrontoftheadjectivestoshowthedegrees,forexample:,34,.,1)我们能用较少的人或资金把工作做得更好吗？Canwedoourworkbetterwithfewerpeopleandlessmoney?2)小芳在她们班个子最高。XiaoFangisthetallestgirlinherclass.,35,.,Besides,manyadjectivesinEnglishareidentifiablebythefactthattheysharederivationssuchasive(creative,positive,administrative),-ful(beautiful,plentiful,wonderful),-al(colonial,economical,commercial),-ty(pretty,witty)andsoon.,36,.,3.adverb,Adverbsoftenmodifyadjectives,verbsorotheradverbsshowingsuchconceptsastime,place,degree,manners,etc.ThepositionoftheadverbinChinesesentenceandEnglishsentenceisdifferentinthefollowingway:,37,.,1)inChinese,timeadverboftenappearsatthebeginningofasentenceorafterthesubject,whiletimeadverbinEnglishoftenappearsattheendofasentence.Forexample:,38,.,明年，王老师就从美国回来了。/王老师明年就从美国回来了。2)indefinitetimeadverbslikealways,often,frequently,usually,followthesubjectinbothlanguages.Forexample:Healwaysgetsuplate.他总是起床很晚。Weoftengotoschooltogether.我们经常一起去上学。,39,.,3）whenmodifyingverbs,mostdegreeadverbsormanneradverbssuchasseriously,slowly,hard,carefully.oftenfollowtheverbsorverbphrasesinEnglish,whileinChinese,suchadverbsoftenprecedetheverbsintroducedbyparticle地orappearaftertheparticle得.Forexample:Heworksveryhard.他努力地工作/他工作得很努力。,40,.,Hedidhishomeworkverycarefully.他作业做得很仔细。Hedrankthirstily.他大口地喝着水。4)whenanadverbmodifiesanadjective,itappearsbeforethemodifiedadjectiveinbothlanguages.Forexample:Itisaratherdifficultjob.这是一项相当难的工作。,41,.,5）inEnglish，whenanadverbisusedasattributive,itoftenfollowstheantecedent,whileinChinese,itappearsbeforetheantecedent.Forexample:ImetPeteronmywayhome.在回家的路上，我碰到了皮得。Thestudentsthereenjoytheirschoollifeverymuch.那儿的学生非常喜欢学校生活。,42,.,InEnglishtheeasywaytoidentifymanyadverbsisbyderivationalsuffixlikely,-ward,-wisesuchasineconomically,semantically,thirstily,especially;forward,toward;clockwise,etc.ThedifferencesoftencauseproblemsforChineselearnersasfollows:a.herunsmorefastlythanIdo,asweallknow.,43,.,B.Ihardworkedandfinallypassedtheexamsuccessful.C.lastSundayat10oclockwewentshoppinginthesupermarket.D.heverymuchlikeslearningenglish.,44,.,4.verbs,Semantically,mostverbsdenoteactionsandactivities.Syntactically,averb,togetherwithotherelements,formsthepredicateofasentence.VerbsinEnglishinflect,whileinChinese,verbsdont.thisdifferencepresentsdifficultiesforChineselearnersasdisplayedinthefollowingsentences:,45,.,1)thewaterfeelscoolwhenIwashedmyhandsthismorning.2)theybuyedanewcarlastweek.3)hesaidhedoesntlikehisjob.4)Icallhimthismorning.,46,.,Verbvariation”indefiniteverbs”includinggerund,presentparticleandpastparticlehasthefunctionofbothverbandnoun,whichisexcludedinChineseandpresentsdifficultiesforChineselearnersofEnglish.Forexample:,47,.,1)wefinallyknewhewasanexperiencingteacher.2)lookingoutofthewindow,acaraccidentwasseen.3)revolutionmeanstoliberatetheproductiveforces.4)theteachercamein,followingbysomestudents.,48,.,5.pronoun,Apronounisoftenusedasasubstituteforapreviouslystatednouncalledtheantecedent.Pronouncanactassubject,objectandappositiveinbothlanguages.Thereare5typesofpronounsinenglish.1)personalpronoun:Subjectornominativepronoun:I,he,she,it,we,you,they,49,.,Objectorobjectivepronoun:me,him,her,it,us,you,themPossessivepronoun:my,his,her,its,our,your,their(adjectivepronoun);mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs(nounpossessives)Reflexivepronoun:myself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves.,50,.,2)interrogativepronoun:what,who,whose,whom,which3)demonstrativepronouns:this,that,these,those.4)relativepronouns:who,whose,whom,which,that,51,.,5)indefinitepronoun:something,somebody,noone,one,both,anything,anybody,nothing,everything,none,etc.ChinesepronounissimilartothatofEnglishinclassification,buttheusageissomewhatdifferent,whichoftenpresentsdifficultiesforChineselearnersofEnglishasfollows:1)whomdidyousaywascalling?你说刚才谁给打电话了？,52,.,2)thesecretmustremainbetweenyouandI.这个秘密到你和我这里为止。3)Billandmewerethewinnerslasttime.比尔和我是最后的胜利者。4)heisastallasmyself.他跟我一样高。5)Ihavemyselfsopinion.我有自己的想法。6)InJoysnovel,hedelightsincomplexpunsandinplayingwithwords.在乔伊的小说中，他喜欢玩复杂的双关游戏和文字游戏。,53,.,6.preposition,Prepositionmaybedefinedasaconnectingwordshowingtherelationofanountosomeotherwordsinasentence.PrepositioninEnglishincludessingleonesaswith,to,in,on,of,about,between,through;compoundprepositionsasinside,onto,upon,within,without,throughoutandidiomaticprepositionsasaccordingto,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto,etc.,54,.,Andinmanyfixedcollocations,thechangeofprepositionscanmeandifferentthings.Forexample,takeafter(长得像),takein(接纳),takeoff(脱掉),takeon(雇佣，呈现),takeover(接管),takeout(拿掉)andover90%oftheusageofprepositionsinvolvesthefollowingnineones:with,to,from,at,in,by,forandon.PrepositionappearsconstantlyinEnglishspeechandwritingandtheusageiscomplicated.,55,.,InChinese,themostcommonlyusedprepositionsare:把，给，让，叫，在，除，比，从，由，自从，向，往，朝，跟，对，etc.,whicharelessfrequentlyusedthantheirEnglishcounterparts.Forexample:1)我们（在）11点在火车站会面。Wellmeetattherailwaystationat11oclock.2）（在）下午发生了一场车祸。Acaraccidentoccurredintheafternoon.,56,.,3）（在）周日我常待在学校。IoftenstayedatschoolonSundays.Thedifferencesoftencausetroubleslike:1)Theroomwasfullwithsmokesafterthebigfire.2)thetwoclassroomsarequitedifferentfromsize.3)thevisitorstoJapanwillarriveinBeijingSunday.4)theteacherswillbebackaftertwohours.5)myfatherboughtanewskirttome.,57,.,TheotherdifferenceisthatifaChinesesentencecontainsaprepositionconstruction,thisstructureshouldbeplacedbeforeverbsasanadverbialadjunct.Forexample:她在宿舍给朋友写信。（sheiswritingtoherfriendsatthedormitory.）,58,.,whileinEnglish,prepositionconstructionsareoftenplacedafterthemainverb,soEnglishlearnersofChinesemaymakesuchmistakesas:1)我朋友不学习汉语在北京。2）帕柳卡学习汉语和丁云。,59,.,7.conjunction,Conjunctionsareusedtoconnectwords,phrasesorsentences.ThecommonlyusedEnglishconjunct