跨文化交际barriers-to-ccc

,BarrierstoCross-culturalCommunication,StereotypesEthnocentrismPrejudice,Someyearsago,severalinternationalbusinessmenwereonaconferencecruisewhentheshipbegantosink.“Gotellthosefellowstoputonlifejacketsandjumpoverboard,”thecaptaindirectedhisfirstmate.Afewminuteslaterthefirstmatereturned.“Thoseguyswontjump,”hereported.“Takeover,”thecaptainordered,“andIllseewhatIcando.”Returningmomentslater,heannounced,“Theyregone.”“Howdyoudoit?”askedthefirstmate.“Itolddifferentthingstodifferentpeople.ItoldtheEnglishmanitwasthesportingthingtodo,andhejumped.ItoldtheFrenchmanitwas_1_;theGermanthatitwasacommand;theItalianthatitwas_2_;theRussianthatitwas_3_;sotheyalljumpedoverboard.”“AndhowdidyougettheAmericantojump?”“Noproblem,”saidthecaptain,“Itoldhimhewas_4_!”1.chic2.forbidden3.revolutionary4.insured,Stereotypes,aformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople.Ageneralizationthatgoesbeyondtheexistingevidence,aninaccurateorovergeneralization.generalideasofapersonwithouttakingthewholepersonintoaccount,PositivestereotypesmembersofcertaingrouphavegoodqualitiesNegativestereotypesmembersofthegrouphaveundesirablecharacteristics.,Whatisstereotyping?,labelsorcategoriestodescribeothersbasedonsuchcharacteristicsasclothing,looks,thewayapersontalksmakeassumptionsaboutgroupsofpeopletheydontevenknow,Areasofstereotyping,AgeSexSexualpreferenceRaceReligionProfessionNationalityEducationPlacesThings,Examples,a)AllthestudentsinPEDept.areb)Allpoliticiansarec)Allfemaledoctorholdersared)AllHarvardgraduatesaree)Allrichmenf)Alluniversity/collegeteachersareg)Herboyfriendisfromthenorth,sohemustbeh)Hisgrandfatherisahistoryprofessor,sohemustbei)HedrivesBMW,sohemustbe,Onceuponatimeamonkeydecidedtoleavetheforestandexplorethegreat,wideworld.Hetraveledtothecityandsawmanystrangeandwonderfulthingsbutfinallyhedecidedtoreturnhome.Backintheforesthisfriendsandrelativesgatheredaround.“Well,”theycried,“whatdidyousee?”“Isawbuildingsmadeofconcreteandglass.Buildingssohighthattheytouchedthesky,”saidthemonkey.Andallhisfriendsandrelativesimaginedglassbranchesscratchingthesky.“Thebuildingswerefullofpeoplewalkingontwolegsandcarryingbriefcases,”saidthemonkey.Andhisfriendsandrelativescouldalmostseethepeoplerunningalongthebrancheswiththeirtailswrappedfirmlyaroundtheirbriefcases.,Reflections,Whatisyouropinionofstereotyping?Isthereanyonewithoutstereotypesatall?Why?Whatwillyoudoifstereotyped?,Thedamagingeffectofstereotypesincross-culturalcommunication,toassumethatawidelyheldbeliefistruewhenitmaynotbe.toassumethatawidelyheldbeliefistrueofanyoneindividual.Thestereotypecanbecomea“self-fulfillingprophecy”forthepersonstereotyped.Whenstereotypesleadustointerpretanindividualsbehaviourfromtheperceptualscreenofthestereotypetheyimpedecommunication.,Howtoreduceoreliminatestereotypesincross-culturalcommunication?,BecarefulofjumpingtoconclusionsFocusoneverypersonasanindividual.TakeamorehumbleandtentativeattitudeRespectthetargetculturebemoretolerantofthedifferentcustomstoneutralizestereotypes,Ethnocentrism,ThebeliefthatthecustomsandpracticesofonesownculturearesuperiortothoseofotherculturesCulturestelluswhatisrightandwrong.Ethnocentrismisalearnedbeliefinculturalsuperiority.highlightandexaggerateculturaldifferencestheirowncustomsasthestandardsforjudgments,Ethnocentriccharacteristics,shapeasocialsenseofidentitywhichisnarrowanddefensiveinvolvetheperceptionofmembersofotherculturesintermsofstereotypesonesownisnormalandnaturalennobleonesownculturewhiledegradingthoseofothers,Ethnocentricattitudes,Mostotherculturesarebackwardcomparedtomycultures.Mycultureshouldbetherolemodelforothercultures.Mostpeoplewouldbehappieriftheylivedlikepeopleinmyculture.Peopleinmyculturehavejustaboutthebestlifestylesofanywhere.Idonottrustpeoplewhoaredifferent.Idislikeinteractingwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.,Negativeeffectsofethnocentrism,rejectionoftherichnessandknowledgeofotherculturesblocktheexchangeofideasandskillsamongpeoplesexcludeotherpointsofviewthestartingpointformostprejudicialbeliefs,Prejudice,negativefeelingsandattitudestowardagroupbasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypesirrationalfeelingsofdislikeandevenhatredforcertaingroupsauniversalpsychologicalprocess,Severeprejudice,SexismwomenareinferiorinmentalabilitytomenRacismotherracesareinferiortoonesown,Analyzethethreestudentsexperiencesandexpressyouropinions,Culturalshock(culturalfatigue),deeppsychologicalpanicandcrisisconfusion,insecurity,andanxietycausedbythestrangenessofanewenvironmentantagonismandcynicismaboutthenewculture,Commonsymptoms,lossofpatience,depressionAbsentmindednessoverwhelmingfearofbeingcheatedorrobbedovereating,oversleeping,substanceabuse,withdrawal,declininginvitationpreferringtostayathometoreadbooksandwatchvideosshippedinbackfromhome,HoneymoonPhase,thedifferencesbetweentheoldandnewcultureareseeninaromanticlight,wonderfulandnewlovethenewfoods,thepaceofthelife,thepeopleshabits,thebuildingsandsoon,NegotiationPhase(weeks),Differencesbecomeapparentandmaycreateanxietylongforfoodinnativecountry,findthepaceoflifetoofastorslow,findthepeopleshabitsannoying,disgusting,andirritatingetc.Depressionisnotuncommon.,AdjustmentPhase(6-12months),growaccustomedtothenewcultureanddevelopsroutinesknowwhattoexpectinmostsituationsandthehostcountrynolongerfeelsallthatnew.becomeconcernedwithbasiclivingagain,andthingsbecomemorenormal.,ThreeBasicOutcomes,Rejectorsfinditimpossibletoaccepttheforeigncultureandintegrateisolatethemselvesfromthehostcountrysenvironment,whichtheycometoperceiveashostile,withdrawintoaghettoandseereturntotheirowncultureastheonlywayout.,Adoptersintegratefullyandtakeonallpartsofthehostculturewhilelosingtheiroriginalidentity.Theynormallyremaininthehostcountryforever.Cosmopolitansmanagetoadapttheaspectsofthehostcultu