研究生英语写作1 Topic Sentence.ppt

研究生英语写作课件南京工业大学外语学院,AwritingCourseforPostgraduateStudents,Unit1HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence,AwritingCourseforPostgraduateStudents,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence,I.Atopicsentencemustcontain（atopic）and（controllingidea(s)），orelseitwillbedifficulttodeveloporsupportthetopc.e.g【vague】Physicalexerciseisveryneccesary.【summary】Physicalexerciseisveryneccesaryforourhealth.II.Atopicsentencecantbetoospecific.e.g.：【specific】IdoPhysicalexerciseseveryday.【summary】Ikonwphysicalexerciseisgoodformyhealth.III.Atopicsentenceshouldbeconciseandclear.e.g.：【concise】Ienjoywatchingthematch-makingprogramFindYourSoul-mate.【redundant】FindYourSoul-mateisaveryinterestingmatch-makingprogramthatIenjoywatching.,IV.Controllingidea(s)arewordsthatconcernwhataspectsyouwanttodevelopthetopic,whichwilldecidethecontent,methodanddirectionofaparagraphoranarticle.e.g.:1.Learningaforeignlanguagewellrequirestimeandeffort.2.Severalfactorsmaycontributetotheprogressofasociety.V.ThepurposeofatopicsentenceistomakeclearWhatthesubjectofaparagraphissothatyoucaneasilydevelopyoursupportingideasordetailstomakeitcompleteandconvincingtothereader(s)andatthesametime,youwontstrayoffthesubjectoroffthetrack.Aparagraphmaybelongorshortbutusuallythreeorfoursentenceswillbeproper.,TopicSentence,TopicSentenceofaText/Paragraph,TopicSentenceofaText/Paragraph,Asthetermsuggests,thetopicsentenceofatext/paragraphaddresseswhatthemainideaorthesisofthetext/paragrphisgoingtobe.Itshouldcontainthemostimportantandrelevantpointyouwishtomakeregardingyourtopic,thussummarizingthetext/paragraphasawhole.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence1,Atopicsentencemustincludeyourtopicandanopinionoryourcontrollingidea.Generallyspeaking,topicsentencesare:,ShortSimpleClearGiveastrongideaOftenusephrasessuchas:OneofthemainreasonsforOneofthemajorfactorsinis.,Generallyspeaking,Oneofthestrongestargumentsagainst/infavourofisOneofthemainadvantages/disadvantagesofis,Exampleparagraph1,Learningaforeignlanguagewellrequirestimeandeffort.Unlikeonesmothertonguewhichisheardandpracticedalmostatanytime,aforeignlanguageisonlylearnedandtaughtinclass.Thetimearrangementisusallyabout2to4periodsaweek,whichisobviouslynotenoughforfluencyandproficiency.Ideally,anextratwoormorehoursareneededifyoureallywanttoseeimprovement.Youneedtoreadmore,listenmore,speakmoretomakesomeprogresseveryday.,Exampleparagraph2,TheSecretofSuccessItgoeswithoutsayingthatthereisnoshortcutononeswaytosuccess.Theimportantthinginlifeistohaveagoalandthedeterminationtoattainit.livingwithoutagoalislikesailingwithoutacompass.Thisisespeciallytrueofsomeuniversitystudents.Wheninhighschool,theirgoalwassimpleandclear-topassthecollegeentranceexamandenteranidealuniversity.Now,however,someofthemseemtohavelostthemselvesoncampus.lackofpurposeisthecauseofmostofourfailures.,Exampleparagraph3,Oneofthestrongestargumentsinfavouroflimitingtheamountoftimethatyoungstersspendinfrontofscreensisthatchildrenneedtobemoreactiveinordertohaveahealthylifestyle.Researchshowsthatthereisanincreasingnumberofoverweightchildreninthedevelopedworldandthatthereisalinkbetweentheamountoftimespentinfrontofscreensandbeingoverweight.Ifchildrenwerenotallowedtobeonscreens,theywouldfindotherwaystoentertainthemselves,andthiswouldincludeplayinggamesandsports.Researchalsoshowsthatactivechildrengrowintoactiveadultssorestrictingscreentimeforchildrenwouldhavealifelongimpactonthepeopleconcerned.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence2,Anothertricktowritingagoodtopicsentenceistousenumbers.ForExample:,Thereareseveral/afewreasonswhy.Therearemanystepsleadingtosuccess.Severalfactorsmaycontributeto.Thereareseveralwaystoimproveonesconfidence.Thereisanewmethodtoreducethecost.Twocausesmayexplainwhy.forthreereasons.,Exampleparagraph1,ThereareseveralreasonswhymanyChinesestudentsfindEnglishlearningdifficult.First,Englishisaforeignlanguage.TheyhavelittlechanceofcontactingthelanguageotherthaninanEnglishclass.Second,EnglishcannotalwaysmatchChinesewordforword,sotheyfeelreallypuzzledanddepressedwhentheytrytospeakorwriteit.LastbutnotleastisthatfewstudentscanfindachancetocommunicatewithanativespeakerthoughtheyaretoldthatEnglishisveryimportant.,z,Exampleparagraph2,Severalfactorsmaycontributetotheprogressofasociety.Thefirstandforemostshouldbethedevelopmentofeconomy.Abetterandaffluentlifewouldinvitealongingforastable,peacefulandharmoniouslife,thusrulesandregulationsareneccesarytoteachpeoplewhatshoulddoandwhatshouldnotdo.Hencecamemoralityandthemakingoflawtoencourageacceptablebehaviorandconductsandpunishthosewhowoulddaretoviolatemoralityandbreakthelaw.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence3,Topicsentencefornegativeeffects,results,problems,consequences,influences,impacts,implications,drawbacks,shortcomings,disadvantages.,1)Itgoeswithoutsayingthatsuch(topic)willbringabout(entail,cause,produce,resultin,generate)dreadful(serious,undesirable,severe,unhealthy,bad,harmful,malign不良的)consequences.,2)(Topic)willcause(produce,bringbaout,generate)anegative(profound,harmful,malign,undesirable)influence/effecton.3)(Topic)mayarouse(cause,produce,bringabout,generate)panic(fear/terror/worry)amongpeople;(doubtabout.;arise/declinein.;concernover/about.)4.Undoubtedly,(topic)threatenstodomoreharmthangoodtooursociety.5.Thedsiadvantagesof(topic)surelyoutweighstheadvantages.,ExampleParagraph,Itgoeswithoutsayingthatdivorcewillbringaboutnegativeeffectsonchildren.Childrenaretooyoungtounderstandtheirparentsemotionallife.Theymaythinkthattheirparentsdontlovethemanymoreandabandonthemselvestodespair.Theymayeithershutthemselvesawayfromothersanddevelopaformofautism(自闭症)orlosecontrolofthemselvestoviolenceandfights.Someofthemmaygofrombadtoworseandevenendupinprison.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence4,Topicsentenceforpositiveresults(benefits,changes,gains,influences,effects,impacts,profits.,1.Anyonewithacommonsensecanseethat(topic)mayleadtopsoitiveresults.2.(Topic),ifwellutilized(ifproperlyused;iftakenintoproperconsideration),willsurelycreatedesirable(ideal,favorable,positive,beneficial,advantageous,unimaginable,unexpected,constructive.)benefits.,3.Theadvantages(benefits)of(topic)areobvious.4.Thegainsin(topic)arenumerous.5.Therearethreeapproachestothisproblem.6.Thekeytodealingwiththedifficultsituationisto.7.Asoneofthemostrewardingexperiences,(topic)hasbroughtalotofbenefitstomylife.8.Theimportanceof(topic)isnowdrawingmoreofourconcernthaneverbefore.,SampleParagraph,Anyonewithacommonsensecanseethatpraticingthriftinesswillproducepositiveresults.Accordingtostatistics,foodwastedonthetableinChinaeachyearreachesanamazing200billionRMB.Foodrecklesslythrownawayannuallyequalstoprovisionsfor200millionpeople.Fromtheglobalpointofview,theamountoffoodwastedarrivesatastaggering1.3billiontons.Evenifaquarterofthewastedfoodcouldberetained,itwouldbeenoughtosupportastarvingpopulationof900millon.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence5,Topicsentencethatcanbeusedforbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.,1.Ithasbeenproventhat(topic)cancreatepowerful(ill,verybad)influenceon.2.Numerousstudieshaveexhibitedthat(topic)isveryhelpfulful(harmful,dangerous)forpeopleto.3.Statisticsshowthat(topic)cannotonly.,butalso.4.Thereisnodenyingthefactthat(topic)is.5.Theeffectsof(topic)canbeboth.and.,SampleParagraph,ThereisnodenyingthefactthatcheatinginexamsisprevalentinmanyuniversitiesinChina.Onecangetaglympseofsuchamalignphenomenonfromthesmalladsonthedoorsandwallsofteachingbuildingtoilets.Theyread:WanttopassCET-4orCET-6theeasyway?Justcontact.Strictasthesupervisingsystemandpunishmentmeasuresare,somestudentsstillcantresistthetemptationtopeepatneighboringseatsforanswers.,Asaresult,thetestscoreswillnotreflectthetruthofacademicstudy;theenthusiasmofthosehonestandhardworkingstudentsiscurbedandthefoundationsofmoralvaluesineducationareeroded.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence6,Topicsentencefordescribingsomething,whichmightbegoodorbad,oraphenomenon,afact,awrongidea,aseeminglycorrectbelief.,1.Nowadays,(topic)issoprevalentthatmanypeopleregarditanaturalthingwehavetolivewith.2.Ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthat(topic)isveryimortantforourlifeandwork.3.Peopleingrowing(increasing)numbersarebeginning(coming)torealize(accept,beaware)that(topic)isgood(bad)fortheirlife(health,future,family,thesociety).,4.Thereisagrowingawareness(recognition)amongadults(citizens,people)oftheneccesity(need,importance)todo(topic).5.Peoplearebecomingincreasinglyaware(conscious)theimportanceof(topic).,SampleParagraph,PeopleingrowingnumbersarebeginningtorealizethetruemeaningoftheidiomGodhelpthosewhohelpthemselves.Everypersonmayexperiencehardtimesorevenhardblowsinalifetime.Itsallverynaturaltoseekhelpwhenyouareinatightspot.Buttoreallygetyourselfoffthehook,themostcrucialthingistohelpyourownself.Youneedtolookbackandsumuppossibleelementsthatledtoyourfailure.Youneedtopickupyourconfidence,makeacarefulplanandmoveforwardagain.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence7,Topicsentenceforcausingcontroversy,differentopinions.,1.Whenitcomesto(topic),differentpeoplehavecompletelyoppositeopinions.Somebelievethat.Othersargue(claim)that.2.Nowhereintheworld(ourcountry)hasanissue(idea)beenmorecontroversialthan(topic).Manypeoplebelievethat.Othersclaimthereverseistrue.,3.Itiswidely(commonly,generally)believed(acknowledged)that(topic)is.Theythink(argue)that.ButIwonderwhether(if).4.Whenaskedabout(topic),avast(agreat,anoverwhelming)majorityofpeoplesaythat.Theybelievethat.ButIthink.,HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence8,Topic(closing)s