选修语法ppt课件

.,人教课标版高二选修8Unit1,英语课件,.,Usefulwordsandexpressions,.,Completethechartwiththenewwordsfromthetext.,majority,hardship,racial,distinction,.,Italy,Korean,Pakistani,Danish,通过上面的表格的练习，我们可以发现词性的改变可以在其词根加上成分，单词的词性就会改变。这就是我们要学到的“后缀”。,.,Suffixation后缀,Asuffixisaparticle,whichisaddedtotheendofaroot.Suffixesdonotchangethemeaningoftheroot,butitspartofspeech.e.g.lead(v.)leadership(n.)ill(adj.)illness(n.),.,Althougheachsuffixhasitsownmeaning,itcantbeusedseparatelywithouttheroot.However,somesuffixesaddnewmeaningstothenewlyformedwords.,e.g.meaningmeaninglessthinkthinker,.,1.Suffixesusedasanounsignifier,.,.,2.Suffixesusedasanadjectivesignifier,.,.,.,3.Suffixesusedasaverbsignifier,.,Exercise:Completethesesentences,usingnewwordsformthetext.1.A_countryconsistsofagroupofstates.2.Thatisthebiggestof_churchIhaveeverseen.3.The_ofusvotedforMr.Red,whothenbecamechairmanofthecommittee.,federal,Catholic,majority,.,4.The_ofEducationisoneofthegovernmentdepartment.5.Theeconomic_inrecentyearshascreatedmorejobopportunities.6._shapedlikeabootliesinthesouthofEurope.7.Weshoulddrawa_betweenrightandwrong.,Ministry,boom,Italy,distinction,.,8.TomakethecrossingfromShandongtotheNortheast,ourancestorsufferedallkindsof_.9.ThepeoplefromSouthtoNorth_arecalledKorean.10.Nobodyknowswhowillbe_aspresidentorvicepresidentofthiscountry.,hardships,Korea,elected,.,Wordstudy,Letsreviewtheusefulwordsandexpressionsinthepassage.,adj.relatingtoallChristiansorthewholeChristianChurch;,n.memberoftheRomanCatholicChurch,.,v.makeorpreparesth.byputtingsubstances,etctogether;,beabletobecombined;makeasuitablecombination,.,n.mixingorbeingmixed;combinationoftwoormoresubstances,n.thegreaternumberorpart;most,.,n.personwhohascometolovepermanentlyinaforeigncountry,n.portionofeveryhundred,makealiving,numerous,abundant,agreatnumberof,.,Grammar,.,Lookatthefollowingclausesinthesentencesandthinkaboutwhatroledotheseclausesplayinthesentences.,WhatattractspeopletoCaliforniaisitspleasantclimateandrelaxedlifestyle.ThisiswhyeachyearagreatnumberofpeoplefromallovertheworldtrytoimmigratetoCalifornia.However,mostapplicantsknowthattheyhaveverylittlechanceofgettingavisa.,主语,表语,宾语,.,1.概念在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句(SubjectClause)、宾语从句(ObjectClause)、表语从句(PredicativeClause)和同位语从句(AppositiveClause)。,名词性从句,.,Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.Ibelieve(that)heishonest.Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextspeaker.Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,.,2.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词/从属连词that,whether,if不充当从句的任何成分连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词:when,where,how,why,.,3.不可省略的连词：1)介词后的连词2)引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。,Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.,.,SubjectClause(主语从句)ObjectClause(宾语从句)PredicativeClause(表语从句),Nounclause,.,一、主语从句在复合句中作主语,它可以位于句首,但常见的主语从句多放在句末,句首则用形式主语it。,Thattheearthisroundistrue.=Itistruethattheearthisround.,主语从句的用法,.,2.Whetherhewillcomehasntbeendecided.=Ithasntbeendecidedwhetherhewillcome.注意:连词that,whether在从句中不担任句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略(注:if不可用来引导主语从句）,.,二、用it作形式主语的结构(1)Itis名词从句Itisafactthat事实是Itisanhonorthat非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识(2)Itis形容词从句(多用should)Itisnaturalthat很自然Itisstrangethat奇怪的是,.,(3)Itis不及物动词从句Itseemsthat似乎Ithappenedthat碰巧Itappearsthat似乎(4)Itis过去分词从句Itisreportedthat据报道Ithasbeenprovedthat已证实Itissaidthat据说,.,Itiscertainthathewillcome.ItissaidthatsomeAmericanfriendswillvisitourschoolnextweek.Ithappenedthatwewereoutforawalkyesterdayevening.ItdoesntmatterwhetherIstayornot.,.,三、用带-ever的引导词(如whoever,whatever)引导的主语从句一般不后置。Whoeverleavestheroomlastshouldclosethedoor.Whateverwedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.,.,四、it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较it作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:,.,Itisapitythatyoudidntgotoseethefilm.Itdoesntinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.,.,五、what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that则不然,即不担任成分。例如：Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.,.,句子结构：主句+连接词(引导词)+宾语从句连接词:从属连词that,whether,if连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what连接副词where,how,why,when,宾语从句的用法,.,Hehasgotapen.IthinkIthink(that)hehasgotapen.WheredotheystudyEnglish?LilyasksLilyaskswheretheystudyEnglish.Willyouhelpme?IaskIaskifyouwillhelpme.,.,一、连词(引导词)1.当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句),连词由that引导,因为that在从句中不作任何成分,也没有任何具体意思,因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。,.,Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.Janesaid(that)shewasntlateforthemeeting.,.,2.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,由特殊疑问词充当连接词,因为该特殊疑问词(即连接词)在从句中担任一定的句子成分,具有一定的意义,所以不可以省略。,.,Doyouknowwhathesaidjustnow?Idontrememberwhenwearrived.IaskedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.Pleasetellmewhowehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?,.,Marywroteanarticleon_theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.that,.,Iwassurprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize_sillymistakesIhadmade.A.whatB.thatC.howD.which,.,3.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if),因为if/whether翻译成是否,具有一定的意义,所以不能省略。Lilywantedtoknowif/whetherhergrandmalikedthehandbag.Letsseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.,.,注意:关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下：A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.,.,B)在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。如:Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasntbeendecidedyet.Ithasntbeendecidedwhether(if)weshallattendthemeeting.,.,C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)如:Italldepends(on)whethertheywillsupportus.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。如：Hedoesntknowwhethertostayornot.E)后面紧接ornot时。如：Wedidntknowwhetherornotshewasready.,.,关联词if,whether均可使用的情况如下：A)引导宾语从句。如：Iwonderif(whether)thenewsistrueornot.B)在“be+形容词”之后。如：Hewasnotsurewhether(if)itisrightorwrong.,.,关联词只能用whether或if,不能用that的情况如下：若doubt一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时,主句为肯定句用whether或if,主句为否定句或疑问句用that。如：Idoubtwhetherhewillcomesoon.,.,Idonotdoubtthathewillcomesoon.Doyoudoubtthathewillcomesoon注意:下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为未必可能”。Idoubtthathewillcome.,.,4.跟在介词后的宾语从句:宾语从句放在介词后作介词的宾语,在使用这种结构时不能丢掉介词。Thereisnonewsaboutwhetheranewbridgewillbebuilt.Weareconsideringofwherethesetreesshouldbeplanted.,.,二、语序:连接词陈述句合成一个句子：Hewouldbebackinanhour.HesaidHesaid(that)hewouldbebackinanhour.,.,DotheyspeakEnglish?WewanttoknowWewanttoknowif/whethertheycanspeakEnglish.Whatishername?HeasksmeHeasksmewhathernameis.,.,三、时态：如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。,.,WhenwillProfessorLigiveusatalk?WewantedtoknowWewanttoknowwhenProfessorLiwouldgiveusatalk.Jimisagoodstudent.TheteachersaidTheteachersaid(that)Jimwasagoodstudent.,.,HasMr.GreenbeeninBeijingforfiveyears?HeaskedHeaskedif/whetherMr.GreenhadbeeninBeijingforfiveyears.,.,四、在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词之后,宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。Idontthinkhewillseeyou.Idontbelievehewillgo.Wedontexpectheiscoming.Idontthinkhecandoit,canhe?,.,注:此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we，而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句的助动词来定。Idontthinkhecandoit,canhe?Idontthinkyouareright,areyou?,.,在suggest,insist,demand,order,require等表示建议,命令,要求的动词后,从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如:Iinsistedthathe(should)doitatonce.Shesuggestedthatthework(should)befinishedatonce.,.,注意:1.当从句是客观真理,定义,公理,定理时用一般现在时。2.如果主句的谓语动词是ask时,连词不可能是that;如果主句的谓语动词是say时,连词用that。1)Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.,.,2)HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.3.如果从句中含有or或ornot时,只能用whether而不用if。Doyouknowwhetherheisrightornot?Idontcarewhetherhellstayhereornot.Idontknowwhetheritisgoingtorainornot.,.,五、在接复合宾语的句子中,为了保持句子平衡,用it作形式宾语,将从句放于句尾,常接复合宾语的动词有:make,find,see,hear,feel,think.Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.Ithinkitapitytowastethefood.,.,1.Heasked_foraviolin.(MET1992)A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid2.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_heorshewants.(NMET1997)A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever,.,在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用asif引导。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+that从句。Thatswhatweshoulddo.ThatswhyIwanttoseeyou.,表语从句的用法,.,ThereasonformyabsencewasthatIwasill.1.be,seem,look等动词后均可跟表语从句：Mysuggestionisthatweshouldgoshopping.Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.,.,2.asif,because也可引导表语从句。Itlooksasifitsgoingtorain.ItwasbecauseIgotuplate.3.在非正式文体中,引导表语从句的that可以省略。如:Thetroubleis(that)heisill.,.,注意:在表语从句中,当reason做主语时,引导词只能用that,不能用because,如:他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathedidntcatchtheearlybus.,.,4.主句的主语是名词idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement时,表语从句应用虚拟语气,即:(should)+v.Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhaveadiscussionaboutthismatterinsteadofjustsettingitaside.,.,Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon（上海2001年春季招生）A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why-IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.-Isthat_youhadafewdaysoff?(NMET1999)A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where,.,1.Notuntilnoondiditstopraining._notuntilnoon_itstoppedraining.,I.每空填一词,使该句与所给句子的意思相同或相近。,It,that,was,练习坊,.,2.Peoplebelievethatthismedicinewillcurehisdisease._thatthismedicinewillcurehisdisease.3.SoonwearrivedattheplacewecalledtheFairyIsland.Soonwearrivedat_wecalledtheFairyIsland.,It,is,believed,what,.,1.正是因为恶劣的天气,足球赛才推迟了。2.据说他去过美国的很多地方。,II.将下列句子翻译成英语。,Itwasbecauseofthebadweatherthatthefootballmatchhadtobeputoff.,ItissaidthathehasbeentomanyplacesintheUSA.,.,3.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。4.他给我们提出了一条建议:我们应该用省下的钱在乡下买个房子。,Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.,Hehasgivenusasuggestionthatweshouldbuyacottageinthecountrywiththemoneywehavesaved.,.,5.计算机只能做你指示它做的事情。6.他没有去参加会议似乎是个事实。,Itseemedtobeafactthathedidntgotoattendthemeeting.,Acomputercanonlydowhatyouhaveinstructedittodo.,.,7.毫无疑问她胜任这项工作。8.问题是谁会被派去执行这个任务。,Theproblemiswhocanbesenttheretocarryouttheproject.,Thereisnodoubtthatsheisqualifiedforthejob.,.,Host:Inthishour,welltalkabout_ourlifewillbelikeinthefuture.LetswarmlywelcomeDr.Smart,aprofessorfromFutureUniversity!Helltellus_hethinksaboutourfuture.,III.用适当的连接词完成下列短文。,what,what,.,ProfessorSmart,manyofyourpredictionsmade30yearsagoaboutourlifeinthefuturehavemostlycometrue.Peoplewanttoknowmore.Therearemanyhighschoolstudentsherewhoarecurioustoknow_newpredictionsyouwillmakeaboutthefuture.,what,.,Dr.Smart:Societyisdevelopingfastandtherewillbemanynewthingsthatwillmakeourlivesmuchmoreconvenient,butatthesametimemanynewproblemswillthreatenthequalityoflife.,.,Whatsimportantisnot_mypredictionscometrueornot,but_theyhelpusmakebetterdecisionsaboutourfuture._welivetodaywillinfluencethefuture.,whether,whether,How,.,IV.改错1).Iwanttoknowthatwhatitis.Iwanttoknowwhatitis.2).Icantunderstandthattheteachersaid.Icantunderstandwhattheteachersaid.,.,3).Idontknowthisiswhosebike.Idontknowwhosebikethisis.4).HeaskedmewherewasMary.HeaskedmewhereMarywas.5).Doyourememberhowmuchdidyoupayforthebook?Doyourememberhowmuchyoupaidforthebook?,.,高考链接,1._acertaindoubtamongthepeopleastothepracticalvalueoftheproject.（09安徽）A.IthasB.TheyhaveC.ItremainsD.Thereremains2.Sheisverydeartous.Wehavebeenpreparedtodo_ittakestosaveherlife.（09湖南）A.whicheverB.howeverC.whateverD.whoever,D,C,.,3.Thefacthasworriedmanyscientists_theearthisbecomingwarmerand